Antibacterial, Antiparasitic, and Cytotoxic Activities of Chemical Characterized Essential Oil of Chrysopogon zizanioides Roots

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition as well as the antibacterial, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic potentialities of the Brazilian Chrysopogon zizanioides root essential oil (CZ-EO) In addition, CZ-EO cytotoxicity to LLCMK2 adherent epithelial cells was assessed. The major compounds identified in CZ-EO were khusimol (30.0 ± 0.3%), β-eudesmol (10.8 ± 0.3%), α-muurolene (6.0 ± 0.1%), and patchouli alcohol (5.6 ± 0.2%). CZ-EO displayed optimal antibacterial activity against Prevotella nigrescens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella melaninogenica, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values between 22 and 62.5 µg/mL and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values between 22 and 400 µg/mL. CZ-EO was highly active against the L. amazonensis promastigote and amastigote forms (IC50 = 7.20 and 16.21 µg/mL, respectively) and the T. cruzi trypomastigote form (IC50 = 11.2 µg/mL). Moreover, CZ-EO showed moderate cytotoxicity to LLCMK2 cells, with CC50 = 565.4 µg/mL. These results revealed an interesting in vitro selectivity of CZ-EO toward the L. amazonensis promastigote and amastigote forms (Selectivity Index, SI = 78.5 and 34.8, respectively) and the T. cruzi trypomastigote form (SI = 50.5) compared to LLCMK2 cells. These results showed the promising potential of CZ-EO for developing new antimicrobial, antileishmanial, and antitrypanosomal drugs.

In vitro Evaluation of the Antileishmanial and Antischistosomal Activities of p‐Coumaric Acid Prenylated Derivatives

“…Compounds that display IC 50 (half-maximum inhibitory concentration) lower than 10 μM, between 10 and 50 μM, between 50 and 100 μM, and higher than 100 μM are very active, active, moderately active, and inactive, respectively. [24] We found that compounds 5 and 7 are the most active against L. amazonensis promastigote (IC 50 = 49.20 and 45.92 μM, respectively) (Table 1). Plicatin B (compound 2), a naturally occurring compound in Brazilian propolis, [4] displays moderate activity (IC 50 = 88.42 μM).…”

“…In the beginning of the Leishmania amazonensis (MHOM/BR/PH8) growth stationary phase, about 1×10 6 promastigotes were cultivated in 96-well plates with RPMI 1640 medium (Gibco). [24] Next, samples of compounds 1-8 were dissolved in DMSO (Synth) and added to the culture at concentrations ranging from 3.12 to 100 μM; amphotericin B (positive control) was added at 1.56 μM. The cultures were incubated in a BOD (Quimis) oven at 25 °C for 24 h. Promastigote viability was determined by parasite growth inhibition, by counting the number of alive promastigotes on a Neubauer (Glass -Porto Alegre, BR) chamber; flagellate motility was considered.…”

“…Results are expressed as the inhibition percentage mean compared to the negative control (0.1 % DMSO + RPMI 1640). [24] Two independent experiments were performed in three replicates. The maintenance of the life cycle was approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Care at the University of Franca, under the protocol 010/14.…”

HPLC method for quantifying verbascoside in Stizophyllum perforatum and assessment of verbascoside acute toxicity and antileishmanial activity

“…The antileishmanial activity was also assessed against L. amazonensis amastigotes; the method described by Oliveira et al. (2022) was followed.…”

Chemical composition, antileishmanial, and antifungal activi-ties of essential oils from Cinnamomum cassia bark, Schinus molle dried leaves and their blends

“…According to the literature, IC50 values lower than 10 µg/mL, between 11 and 50 µg/mL, between 51 and 100 µg/mL, and higher than 100 µg/mL denote EOs that are highly active, active, moderately active, and inactive, respectively [56]. Based on these criteria, SM-EO (IC50 = 21.45±4.06 µg/mL) and CC-EO (IC50 = 23.27± 4.50 µg/mL) can be considered active against L. amazonensis promastigote forms in vitro.…”