Antibacterial, Antibiofilm, and Antioxidant Activity of 15 Different Plant-Based Natural Compounds in Comparison with Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin

Abstract

Plant-based natural compounds (PBCs) are comparatively explored in this study to identify the most effective and safe antibacterial agent/s against six World Health Organization concern pathogens. Based on a contained systematic review, 11 of the most potent PBCs as antibacterial agents are included in this study. The antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of the included PBCs are compared with each other as well as common antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and gentamicin). The whole plants of two different strains of Cannabis sativa are extracted to compare the results with sourced ultrapure components. Out of 15 PBCs, tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cinnamaldehyde, and carvacrol show promising antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy. The most common antibacterial mechanisms are explored, and all of our selected PBCs utilize the same pathway for their antibacterial effects. They mostly target the bacterial cell membrane in the initial step rather than the other mechanisms. Reactive oxygen species production and targeting [Fe-S] centres in the respiratory enzymes are not found to be significant, which could be part of the explanation as to why they are not toxic to eukaryotic cells. Toxicity and antioxidant tests show that they are not only nontoxic but also have antioxidant properties in Caenorhabditis elegans as an animal model.

Antioxidant characteristics of hydrolysate from low-value sea cucumber: In vitro and in vivo activities of Caenorhabditis elegans

“…SOD protects cells from oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals in nematodes, whereas CAT protects cells by decomposing excessive H 2 O 2 in vivo ( Xiong, Deng, Zheng, Li, & Liu, 2021 ). As an antioxidant, reduced glutathione has the effect of protecting cells from oxidative stress ( Pormohammad, Hansen, & Turner, 2022 ). T-AOC is one of the indicators that directly measure the total antioxidant capacity of the body, indicating the body’s ability to resist oxidative damage ( Jiang et al, 2020 ).…”

Essential Oils of Aromatic Plant Species from the Atlantic Rainforest Exhibit Extensive Chemical Diversity and Antimicrobial Activity

“…Essential oils are among the most studied plant extracts for treating infectious diseases and controlling microbial growth, primarily due to the antimicrobial activity of terpenes, phenylpropanoids, and flavonoids [ 3 , 8 , 10 , 13 ]. The antimicrobial mechanisms and molecular target sites of the metabolites in plant EOs are distinct from those of traditional antimicrobial agents, making them important elements in combinatorial strategies against infectious microorganisms [ 10 , 13 ].…”

“…Several plant compounds and mixtures of compounds exhibit antimicrobial potential, including Essential Oils (EOs) [ 3 ]. EOs are an important part of the volatile organic metabolites, produced by four major biosynthetic routes: the shikimate/phenylalanine, the mevalonic acid, the methylerythritol phosphate and lipoxygenase pathways [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ].…”

Tea Tree Oil: Properties and the Therapeutic Approach to Acne—A Review

“…As can be seen in Table 1 there was a wide range of MIC values for the antimicrobial potency, which can be due to the diverse bacterial species and strains used, their culture methods, and the chemical composition of the TTO samples, and previously reported [80] in a compilation about the utilization of fifteen plant-based natural compounds on the antimicrobial activities.…”