Antibacterial, Antibiofilm and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Eugenol Clove Essential Oil against Resistant Helicobacter pylori

Abstract

Eugenol essential oil (EEO) is the major component in aromatic extracts of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) and has several biological properties, such as antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as controlling vomiting, coughing, nausea, flatulence, diarrhea, dyspepsia, stomach distension, and gastrointestinal spasm pain. It also stimulates the nerves. Therefore, the aim of this study was to extract and purify EEO from clove buds and assess its ability to combat resistant Helicobacter pylori. Additionally, EEO’s anti-inflammatory activity and its ability to suppress H. pylori biofilm formation, which is responsible for antibiotic resistance, was also investigated. Syzygium aromaticum buds were purchased from a local market, ground, and the EEO was extracted by using hydro-distillation and then purified and chemically characterized using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). A disk-diffusion assay showed that Helicobacter pylori is sensitive to EEO, with an inhibition zone ranging from 10 ± 06 to 22 ± 04 mm. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of EEO ranged from 23.0 to 51.0 μg/mL against both Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates and standard strains. In addition, EEO showed antibiofilm activity at 25 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL against various Helicobacter pylori strains, with suppression percentages of 49.32% and 73.21%, respectively. The results obtained from the anti-inflammatory assay revealed that EEO possesses strong anti-inflammatory activity, with human erythrocyte hemolysis inhibition percentages of 53.04, 58.74, 61.07, and 63.64% at concentrations of 4, 8, 16, and 32 μg/L, respectively. GC–MS analysis revealed that EEO is a major component of Syzygium aromaticum when extracted with a hydro-distillation technique, which was confirmed by its purification using a chemical separation process. EEO exhibited antibacterial action against resistant Helicobacter pylori strains, as well as antibiofilm and anti-inflammatory activities, and is a promising natural alternative in clinical therapy.

Clove Buds Volatile Compounds: Inhibitory Activity on Mycobacterium Growth and Molecular Docking on Mmr Efflux Pump Drug Resistance

“…Given that eugenol predominates the chemical composition of all analyzed clove mixtures, its contribution in the antituberculosis activity is of great interest. Some authors conferred the antimicrobial effect of this phenylpropanoid to the hydroxy function that tends to inhibit the enzymatic action via protein binding [34–36] . Others have described eugenol mechanism of action on bacterial cells through the disruption of the cytoplasmic membrane becoming thereby more permeable and affecting the transport of ions and ATP [37–40] .…”

“…Some authors conferred the antimicrobial effect of this phenylpropanoid to the hydroxy function that tends to inhibit the enzymatic action via protein binding. [34][35][36] Others have described eugenol mechanism of action on bacterial cells through the disruption of the cytoplasmic membrane becoming thereby more permeable and affecting the transport of ions and ATP. [37][38][39][40] As the case against the bacterium salmonella typhi; the antibacterial activity of eugenol occurred through the alteration of membrane permeability, then ion leakage and significant loss of cellular contents, such changes lead to the cell death.…”

The effects and mechanisms of natural products on Helicobacter pylori eradication

“…H. pylori CAs are pivotal in the modulation of pH hemostasis, the integrity of the bacterial membrane, and the ability to produce biofilms, which are promising druggable targets in eliminating pathogenic microorganisms ( Grande et al., 2021 ). Last, Eugenol is thought to be one of the most active natural products against H. pylori , with MICs ranging from 23.0 to 51.0 µg/mL ( Elbestawy et al., 2023 ). Previous studies indicate that eugenol possesses antibiofilm activities against H. pylori and can downregulate the expression of virulence factors, while eugenol can also relieve H. pylori -related gastritis by its anti-inflammatory activities ( Hu et al., 2018 ).…”

In Vitro Effect of Three-Antibiotic Combinations plus Potential Antibiofilm Agents against Biofilm-Producing Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare Clinical Isolates

“…Recent reports have described several components of natural origin from numerous fruits, vegetables, and plants with antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity in Helicobacter Pylori , Staphylococcus aureus , P. aeruginosa , Listeria monocytogenes , and Escherichia coli . Emulsions and essential oils of peppermint and those containing composite eugenol essential oil [ 25 ], such as clove [ 26 ], oregano, cinnamon, chestnut, and sage—gallic-acid-rich food plants [ 27 ]—have been demonstrated to exhibit antibiofilm activity. Different combinations of two antibiofilm agents have also been demonstrated to exhibit antibiofilm activity in P. aeruginosa [ 28 , 29 ].…”