Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Efficacy of Pineapple Hump (Ananas comosus) on Porphyromonas gingivalis in vitro

Abstract

Background: Periodontal disease is one of the most prevalent oral health problems in Indonesia that affects supporting tissues of the teeth. Porphyromonas gingivalis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Alternative therapy with natural plant extracts, including pineapple (Ananas comosus) hump extract may inhibit the growth of bacteria that cause periodontal disease. Objective: To determine the effect of pineapple hump extract on bacterial growth and adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms. Method: The bacterial inhibition test was performed by the agar well diffusion method, and biofilm density measurements were made using the biofilm assay method. Results: Pineapple hump extract can inhibit bacterial growth optimally at a concentration of 100%, with an average zone of inhibition of 7.3 mm. The extract at a 50% concentration can eradicate the biofilms in a 6 h incubation time with an average OD of 0.124. The Shapiro-Wilk method confirmed a normal distribution of the data. Both one-way ANOVA and post hoc test showed a significant difference between the inhibitory ability of pineapple hump extract and between concentrations to restrict formation of Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms. Conclusion: Pineapple hump extract was able to inhibit bacterial growth and eradicate the adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms in vitro.

The Inhibitory Power of Pineapple Hump Ethanol Extract Toward the Growth of Streptococcus Mutans

“…The results of this study are supported by Soulissa et al who used agar well diffusion method to test the inhibitory power of pineapple hump toward the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis and the results is the pineapple hump shows an antibacterial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria starting at concentration 50% with the average inhibiton zone diameter are 9,85 mm (Soulissa et al, 2021). Other study by Alhaq et el in 2022 who used agar well diffusion method to test the inhibitory power of pineapple hump and pineapple peel toward the growth of Enterococcus faecalis and obtained the results which are pineapple hump water extract with maseration extraction is more effective against gram positive bacteria and has inhibitory zone against Enterococcus faecalis with 17,67 mm diameter Other study by Marlina et al who used swab method to test the ability pineapple hump as disinfectan on milk can and use agar well diffusion method to test the inhibitory power of pineapple hump toward the growth of bacteria on milk can and the result are pineapple hump extract can inhibit the growth of bacteria on milk can, producing inhibitory zone with 7,25 mm and can be able to reduce bacteria on milk can (Marlina et al, 2018).…”

“…Ethanol extract of pineapple hump could inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans because it has flavonoid, and tanin that act as antibacteria agents which is from the phytochemical test conducted, both of it have been found from pineapple hump, beside flavonoid and tanin, pineapple hump has bromelain enzyme, saponin and alkaloid that could act as an antbacterial agent too (Soulissa et al, 2021, andMinarni et al, 2022), but at the phytochemical test that the researcher and the author conducted before, we didn't examined bromelain enzyme, saponin and alkaloid test.…”

“…Pineapple hump also contains flavonoid. Mechanism of flavonoid inhibits bacteria are inhibit nucleat acid synthesis, penetrate into peptidoglycan layer, inhibit cell membrane function, and inhibit energy metabolism (Umarudin, 2018 andSoulissa et al, 2021). Mechanism of inhibitory of nucleat acid synthesis is the B ring of the flavonoids may play a role in intercalation at nucleic acid bases thus inhibit action on DNA and RNA synthesis (Cushnie et al, 2005).…”

“…Mechanism of saponin in pineapple hump acts as an antibacteria are damage the cell membrane and reduce membrane permeability, causing disruption of nutrient absorbsion into the bacteria cells and resulting in cell death. Mechanism of alkaloid acts an antibacterial are disrupt the formation peptioidoglycan, causing prevent complete formation of bacteria cell wall layer resulting in cell death (Soulissa et al, 2021).…”