Antibacterial Activity Test of Extracts and Fractions of Cassava Leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz) against Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes Causing Acne

Abstract

This study is aimed at determining antibacterial activity from ethanol extracts and the most active fraction of cassava leaves against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes. Research carried out by the experimental method involved determination of plants, extraction with maceration method, fractionation with liquid-liquid extraction, antibacterial activity testing of extracts and fractions by agar diffusion method, determination of most active fraction from the extract, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) testing of most active fraction by microdilution method. The results showed that ethanol extracts of cassava leaves had antibacterial activity against both bacteria with the most active fraction indicated by ethyl acetate. MIC values of ethyl acetate fraction against S. epidermidis were in the concentration range of 2.5%–5.0% (w/v) and against P. acnes were in the concentration range of 1.25%–2.5% (w/v). The MBC value of ethyl acetate fraction against S. epidermidis was at a concentration of 5% (w/v), while P. acnes was at a concentration of 2.5% (w/v). From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz) has antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis as well as on Propionibacterium acnes. The fraction with the best activity from the ethanol extract of cassava leaves to the two test bacteria was shown by ethyl acetate fraction. It is suggested that cassava leaves are possible to be developed into standardized antiacne herbal.

Growth Suppression of a Gingivitis and Skin Pathogen Cutibacterium (Propionibacterium) acnes by Medicinal Plant Extracts

“…Water [ 20 , 21 ], ethanol [ 2 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 19 , 21 , 27 ], methanol [ 17 , 18 , 20 ], and other chemicals [ 13 ] have been considered as extraction solvents for plant ingredients. However, the antimicrobial activity of the plant extract against P. acnes not only depends on the extraction solvent, but also on various factors, such as the plant part, extraction time, and temperature.…”

“…japonica M. 14 93.06 ± 0.64 47.04 ± 0.45 Lindera glauca S. and Z. 15 108.70 ± 0.33 27.50 ± 1.45 Lycoris radiata L'Her. 16 52.43 ± 0.45 12.62 ± 1.51 Oenothera laciniata N. 17 137.32 ± 0.35 33.47 ± 1.17 Chelidonium majus var.…”

“…32 91.82 ± 0.69 19.54 ± 0.57 Aralia continentalis K. 33 78.49 ± 0.41 18.56 ± 1.45 Aralia elata A. 34 59.28 ± 1.27 23.75 ± 0.45 Ligularia fischeri L. 35 115.39 ± 0.57 26.51 ± 0.32 Rosa rugosa T. 36 126 13 Asian lopseed; 14 Beed tree; 15 Greyblue spicebush; 16 Spider lily; 17 Evening primrose; 18 Asian celandine; 19 False acacia; 20 Pond lovegrass; 21 Japanese pollia; 22 Minor hosta; 23 Lily of the valley; 24 Korean winter hazel; 25 Broadleaf sedge; 26 Oriental raisin tree; 27 Siberian cranesbill; 28 Patrinia; 29 Selaginella; 30 Chinese parasol tree; 31 Oriental Arbor vitae; 32 Korean ivy; 33 Aralia cordata; 34 Small-leaf Korean angelica; 35 Fischer ligularia; 36 Turkestan rose; and 37 Asiatic Pennywort. a Phenolic content was expressed as gallic acid equivalents.…”

“…To identify alternative solutions to the adverse effects and antibiotic resistance caused by the extensive and indiscriminate use of current commercial antibiotics, much research has been actively conducted to confirm the antimicrobial activities of various plant extracts in many research fields. In particular, according to some recent studies, hop ( Humulus lupu-lus L.)-CO2-extract [ 13 ]; ethanol extract of oregano ( Origanum vulgare L.) [ 14 ]; ethanol extract of cassava leaves ( Manihot esculenta C.) [ 15 ]; ethanol extract of cinnamon bark ( Cinnamomum cassia J., C. zeylanica and C. loureirii ) [ 16 ]; methanol extracts of twenty-five Egyptian plants, namely Myrtus communis L., Curcuma longa L., and Myristica fragrans H. [ 17 ]; methanol seed extract of Tamarindus indica L. and Syzygium cumini L. [ 18 ]; 70% ethanol extracts of propolis [ 19 ]; cold water, hot water, and methanol extracts of Sanguisorba officinalis L. root [ 20 ]; and deionized water, 80% ethanol, and 100% methanol extracts of ten Lauraceae species [ 21 ] have antimicrobial properties against P. acnes .…”

Zinc(II) Complexes of Amino Acids as New Active Ingredients for Anti-Acne Dermatological Preparations

“…The peptide was also found to limit the growth of S. aureus and S. epidermidis at 250 and 500 mg/L, respectively. Additionally, Mustarichie et al [36] revealed that the extract of cassava leaves exhibited antimicrobial activity against both C. acnes and S. epidermidis. The published data also indicate that non-antibiotic substances could reduce the numbers of C. acnes.…”