“…Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have garnered signicant attention for their antimicrobial properties, which make them promising candidates for various applications in healthcare, environmental remediation, and consumer products. 8,83 The antimicrobial activity of ZnO NPs arises from their ability to induce oxidative stress, disrupt cell membrane integrity, and interfere with cellular functions in microorganisms. 84…”