Antibacterial Activity and Cytocompatibility of Bone Cement Enriched with Antibiotic, Nanosilver, and Nanocopper for Bone Regeneration

Abstract

Bacterial infections due to bone replacement surgeries require modifications of bone cement with antibacterial components. This study aimed to investigate whether the incorporation of gentamicin or nanometals into bone cement may reduce and to what extent bacterial growth without the loss of overall cytocompatibility and adverse effects in vitro. The bone cement Cemex was used as the base material, modified either with gentamicin sulfate or nanometals: Silver or copper. The inhibition of bacterial adhesion and growth was examined against five different bacterial strains along with integrity of erythrocytes, viability of blood platelets, and dental pulp stem cells. Bone cement modified with nanoAg or nanoCu revealed greater bactericidal effects and prevented the biofilm formation better compared to antibiotic-loaded bone cement. The cement containing nanoAg displayed good cytocompatibility without noticeable hemolysis of erythrocytes or blood platelet disfunction and good viability of dental pulp stem cells (DPSC). On the contrary, the nanoCu cement enhanced hemolysis of erythrocytes, reduced the platelets aggregation, and decreased DPSC viability. Based on these studies, we suggest the modification of bone cement with nanoAg may be a good strategy to provide improved implant fixative for bone regeneration purposes.

The Effect of Surface Modification of Ti13Zr13Nb Alloy on Adhesion of Antibiotic and Nanosilver-Loaded Bone Cement Coatings Dedicated for Application as Spacers

“…The present results are consistent with our previous study with human dental pulp stem cells and blood cells [26] and the research of others [71,72,73]. Thus, coating spacer with bone cement modified with antibiotic or nanosilver (up to 3%) does not deteriorate the overall biocompatibility of the material construct.…”

“…In our studies, the effective surface antibacterial effect of NpAg-BC could be assumed. More detailed analysis regarding the bactericidal effectiveness of nanosilver was carried out in our previous research [26].…”

“…For the modified bone cement, the procedure included the addition of modifiers to the cement powder and then mixing for one min. The proposed modifications and their concentrations were selected based on the previous studies [26,27,28]. Table 1 presents the final compositions of the tested bone cements.…”

PMMA-Based Bone Cements and the Problem of Joint Arthroplasty Infections: Status and New Perspectives

“…Slane et al [24] proposed commercial bone cement containing commercial Ag nanoparticles (30–50 nm, surface-functionalized with polyvinylpyrrolidone) at different ratios (0.25%, 0.5%, and 1.0% w / w ) and demonstrated that Ag-nanoparticle-loaded samples were able to reduce the formation of S. aureus and S. epidermidis biofilms on their surface, even if they showed no effect towards planktonic cells. A good antimicrobial effect was also demonstrated by Wekwejt et al [25], introducing commercial Ag nanoparticles (50 nm, 1.5% and 3% w / w ) into Cemex formulations. Samples showed the inhibition of adhesion and growth of five different bacterial strains and displayed good cytocompatibility.…”

Implant system for treatment of the orbital floor defects of blowout fractures in the maxillofacial region using polypropylene yarn and bioactive bone cement

“…The proposed system is characterized by a wide range of application possibilities, it is easy to use and also can eliminate the disadvantages of another methods of treatment such as, for example, titanium mesh, which is heavy, relatively expensive to produce and can cause soft tissue damage. Moreover, it was proposed that a modified bioactive bone cement be used, which was initially studied by the authors (Świeczko‐Żurek, ; Wekwejt et al, ; Wekwejt, Moritz, Świeczko‐Żurek, & Pałubicka, ). This material has bactericidal properties and, as a result, protects against infection.…”