Anti-Zika virus and anti-Usutu virus activity of human milk and its components

Abstract

The benefits of human milk are mediated by multiple nutritional, trophic, and immunological components, able to promote infant's growth, maturation of its immature gut, and to confer protection against infections. Despite these widely recognized properties, breast-feeding represents an important mother-to-child transmission route of some viral infections. Different studies show that some flaviviruses can occasionally be detected in breast milk, but their transmission to the newborn is still controversial. The aim of this study is to investigate the antiviral activity of human milk (HM) in its different stages of maturation against two emerging flaviviruses, namely Zika virus (ZIKV) and Usutu virus (USUV) and to verify whether HMderived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) contribute to the milk protective effect. Colostrum, transitional and mature milk samples were collected from 39 healthy donors. The aqueous fractions were tested in vitro with specific antiviral assays and EVs and GAGs were derived and characterized. HM showed antiviral activity against ZIKV and USUV at all the stages of lactation with no significant differences in the activity of colostrum, transitional or mature milk. Mechanism of action studies demonstrated that colostrum does not inactivate viral particles, but it hampers the binding of both flaviviruses to cells. We also demonstrated that HM-EVs and HM-GAGs contribute, at least in part, to the anti-ZIKV and anti-USUV action of HM. This study discloses the intrinsic antiviral activity of HM against ZIKV and USUV and demonstrates the contribution of two bioactive components in mediating its protective effect. Since the potential infectivity of HM during ZIKV and USUV infection is still unclear, these data support the World Health Organization recommendations about breast-feeding during ZIKV infection and could contribute to producing new guidelines for a possible USUV epidemic.

Human Milk Extracellular Vesicles: A Biological System with Clinical Implications

“…HMEVs can attenuate mucosal inflammation and perform other forms of immunomodulation [ 29 , 149 , 154 ]. HMEVs exhibit antiviral effects against HIV-1, rotavirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human cytomegalovirus (CMV), Zika virus, and Usutu virus [ 100 , 132 , 155 , 156 ]. Reported hMEV functions are summarized in Table 2 .…”

Ruminant Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Nutritional and Therapeutic Opportunity?

“… [ 138 ] Human Antiviral activity against Zika and Usutu in vitro (Vero cell line). [ 255 ] Human Coagulant potential of human milk, owing to the presence of tissue factor (TF)-exposing EVs, but not found in cow milk. [ 256 ] Human Protective effect against experimental-induced NEC in vitro (IEC-6 and FHs 74 Int cell lines) and in vivo (Sprague Dawley pups).…”

Identification of a βCD-Based Hyper-Branched Negatively Charged Polymer as HSV-2 and RSV Inhibitor

“…Cell viability was assessed using the MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] (Promega; Madison, WI, USA) assay as previously described [ 70 ]. Confluent Hep-2, MA104, A549, and Vero cells were treated with serial dilutions of polymers under the same experimental conditions of the virus inhibition assays.…”