Anti-viral activity of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) ingredients against the Chikungunya virus

Abstract

Chikungunya is one of the highly infectious viral disease without vaccine and anti-viral. Aim of present study is to check the anti-chikungunya activities of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) in the animal cell culture model. The medicinal plant extract was prepared from Z. officinale rhizome. Median tissue culture infective dose (TCID 50) of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Maximum non-toxic dose (MNTD) of Z. officinale extract was determined in Vero cell-line on the basis of cell viability followed by MTT assay. In vitro anti-chikungunya activity was performed in Vero cell-line with MNTD and half of MNTD of Z. officinale medicinal plant extract. The anti-viral effect of Z. officinale was studied by observing the cytopathic effects and cell viability measured by MTT assay. Maximum non-toxic dose of Z. officinale plant extract was found 62.5 μg/ml. During anti-chikungunya experimentation, cell viability increased to 51.05% and 35.10%, when Vero cells were pre-treated with MNTD and half of MNTD of Z. officinale extract respectively. Similarly, in co-treatment, when MNTD, half of MNTD of Z. officinale and Median tissue culture infective dose CHIKV were inoculated simultaneously, then the viability of Vero cell-line was increases by 52.90% and 49.02% respectively. The rhizome extracts of Z. officinale have high potential to treat CHIKV. Medicinal plants and their metabolites are most important sources of antimicrobial and can be utilized for the development of new drugs. In view of the rapid expansion of CHIKV at the global level, there is an urgent need to develop newer anti-chikungunya drugs.

Molecular docking analysis of selected phytochemicals against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro receptor

“…Rhizome extracted from Curcuma longa has inhibitory activity against influenza A neuraminidases (Dao et al 2012 ) and H5N1 avian influenza virus (Sornpet et al 2017 ). Fresh Zingiber officinale was effective against the human respiratory syncytial virus (Chang et al 2013 ) and chikungunya virus (Kaushik et al 2020 ). Ethanolic extracts and purified compounds from Ocimum basilicum exhibit a wide variety of anti-viral activities against hepatitis B antigen, HSV-1, and ADV-8 to name a few.…”

Network pharmacology of AYUSH recommended immune-boosting medicinal plants against COVID-19

“…Likewise, other ingredients of herbal tea i.e. Cinnamomum verum [ 21 ], Piper nigrum (composes the piperamides) [ 22 ], Zingiber officinale [ 23 ], and Vitis vinifera [ 24 , 25 ] are also reported for their potential antiviral and anti-inflammatory property. Since COVID-19 is associated with viral infection and inflammation of lung tissues, the anti-viral and anti-inflammatory properties of the above medicinal plants may add a beneficial effect against COVID-19.…”

Phytoconstituents of Zingiber officinale Targeting Host viral Protein Interaction at Entry Point of SARS CoV 2 A Molecular Docking Study

“…nlm.nih.gov/) 22 , RCSb Protein Data bank (https://www.rcsb. org/) 23 , Protein Data bank Japan (https://www.pdbj.org/) 28 , Open babel (https://protein.plus) 29 Molinspiration (https:// www.molinspiration.com/) 30 , online SMILES translator and structure file generator (https://cactus.nci.nih.gov/translate/) 31 , MGL tool 1.5.6 32 , Autodock Vina 32 , and Pymol 2.3.4 32 .…”

“…Also, it is reported to exhibit antibacterial, antibiofilm and cell permeability activities in case of pneumonia induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosabacteria 21 , which is a major cause of ventilator-associated pneumonia 21 . The fresh and dried Z. officinale extract have also been shown to possess anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus and Chikungunya virus as tested in different cell lines 22,23 . In majority of the herbal drugs, the crude or semipurified extracts are generally superior to the isolated phytochemicals in terms of bioactivity as the phytochemical constituents act synergistically.…”