Anti-Trypanosoma activity of bioactive metabolites from Photorhabdus luminescens and Xenorhabdus nematophila

Photorhabdus spp.: An Overview of the Beneficial Aspects of Mutualistic Bacteria of Insecticidal Nematodes

“…Detecting the ability of Photorhabdus bacteria to survive in soil and in fresh water for 1 week, has probably fixed a time frame for their additional biocontrol applications, independent of their mutualistic EPNs [ 50 ]. Hence, various formulations ( Figure 1 ), mainly based on just the bacteria and/or bacterial metabolites, have been recorded [ 2 , 4 , 12 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ]. In this regard, increased pathogenicity islands of the Photorhabdus chromosome, with many genes encoding various insecticidal protein toxins, antibiotics, bacteriocins, and enzymes, were reviewed [ 5 , 58 , 59 ], but more have still been further identified, e.g., [ 55 , 56 , 60 , 61 ].…”

“…Hence, various formulations ( Figure 1 ), mainly based on just the bacteria and/or bacterial metabolites, have been recorded [ 2 , 4 , 12 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ]. In this regard, increased pathogenicity islands of the Photorhabdus chromosome, with many genes encoding various insecticidal protein toxins, antibiotics, bacteriocins, and enzymes, were reviewed [ 5 , 58 , 59 ], but more have still been further identified, e.g., [ 55 , 56 , 60 , 61 ]. For instance, the insecticidal categories of protein toxins comprise toxin complexes (TCs), Photorhabdus insect-related (Pir) proteins, makes caterpillars floppy (Mcf) toxins, Photorhabdus virulence cassettes (Pvc), Photorhabdus insecticidal toxin (Pit), Photox, PaxAB, and Galtox [ 9 ].…”

“…luminescens metabolites is recognized as a small molecule that is stable at both pH changes in the range 2–12 and heating. This molecule can induce the trypanocidal activity via a mode of action that does not rely on nitric oxide [ 56 ]. Likewise, P .…”

“…include the following: (1) many Photorhabdus bacterial genes encode metabolites and toxins mostly with low molecular weight. These toxins proved to have insecticidal [ 94 , 95 ], antifungal, antibiotic [ 96 ], and antiparasitic [ 55 , 56 ] activities. They are effective, for instance, against the mushroom mite Luciaphorus sp.…”

The great potential of entomopathogenic bacteria Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus for mosquito control: a review

“…The study of bacterial species of the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus has been the target of several research groups, aiming at their use in agricultural, pharmaceutical and industrial products [ 43 , 66 – 68 ]. The interest in studying these bacteria is justified by some evidence available in the literature, such as: (i) having genes that are capable of encoding low molecular weight secondary toxins and metabolites with insecticide activities [ 43 , 69 – 71 ], antibiotic [ 43 , 69 , 72 – 74 ], antifungals [ 43 , 69 ] and antiparasitic [ 69 , 75 – 78 ]; (ii) laboratory research points to the success of these bacteria in pest control [ 27 , 79 ]; (iii) Photorhabdus luminescens releases toxins with activities in the insect intestinal epithelium [ 59 , 80 ]; (iv) P. luminescens in conjunction with B. thuringiensis kurstaki inhibits the growth of Spodoptera littoralis [ 81 ]; (v) Xenorhabdus ehlersii protein (XeGroEL) is effective against Galleria mellonella [ 82 , 83 ]; (vi) acaricide and antibacterial activities have been reported for Xenorhabdus stockiae PB09 [ 84 , 85 ]; (vii) Xenorhabdus stockiae PB09 showed miticidal activity against Luciaphorus perniciosus [ 86 ]; and (viii) the supernatants of the culture of Xenorhabdus nematophila and P. luminescens prevented the feeding of ants, crickets and wasps [ 87 , 88 ], among others.…”