Anti-sialogogue and Other Effects of Atropine Mucate

Mushin, William W.; Galloon, S.; Lewis-Faning, E.

doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4837.652

Cited by 28 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The difference could perhaps be due to the different methods of measuring the salivary secretion. We believe that the method of Mushin et al (1953) adopted in this study takes into account the total secretion from all the salivary glands, whereas Wyant & Kao's study depended upon the secretions from one gland. Individual variations in the secretion of different salivary glands are well known.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Comparison of the Effects of Atropine and Glycopyrrolate on Various End-Organs

Mirakhur¹,

Dundee²

1982

Survey of Anesthesiology

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Summary: Atropine and glycopyrrolate (glycopyrronium bromide), a quaternary ammonium drug, were evaluated in volunteers following intramuscular administration with respect to effects on various end-organs with cholinergic innervation. Glycopyrrolate appears to be five to six times more potent than atropine in its antisialogogue effect and also exhibits a selective, though prolonged, effect on salivary secretion and sweat gland activity. It has minimal cardiovascular, ocular and central nervous system effects. hntroduction Atropine has for long been one of the main anticholinergic drugs employed in anaesthetic practice. It has significant actions on most systems which are cholinergically innervated. However, it suffers from some disadvantages. These include a relatively short duration of action (Eger 1962 Glycopyrrolate (glycopyrronium bromide) is a quaternary ammonium anticholinergic compound which, being highly polar, does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Initial studies in volunteers have shown it to be a potent antisialogogue agent (Wyant & Kao 1974). The present paper compares some of the actions of intramuscular atropine and glycopyrrolate in volunteers. MethodsSix adult volunteer anaesthetists participated in the study, the nature of which had been fully explained to them. Each received three doses of atropine (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg) and three doses of glycopyrrolate (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg) given by deep intramuscular injection. The subjects were each studied for six hours, at intervals of one week. Drugs were given in random order and observations made before and for six hours after administration.Baseline observations were recorded after resting for 30 minutes. Measurements included heart rate, blood pressure, salivary secretion, sweat gland activity, pupillary size, oral temperature and the near point of vision. The detailed methodology has been described previously .Due to the skewed distribution of measurements of salivary secretion and sweat gland activity, these data were subjected to a Wilcoxan matched-pairs signed-ranks test for determination of their statistical significance, other results being subjected to a paired t test. The dose-response curves were subjected to an analysis of covariance. ResultsThe means ages and weights of the volunteers were 32 years and 62 kg respectively. Salivary secretion: The effects ofboth drugs were dose-related (Figure 1). The salivary secretion was reduced by 43, 72 and 85% with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg atropine respectively, the peak effect

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Comparison of the Effects of Atropine and Glycopyrrolate on Various End-Organs

Mirakhur¹,

Dundee²

1982

Survey of Anesthesiology

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“…Salivary flow measurements have previously beenused to estimate the duration of action and the time of maximal action of various anticholinergic agents, such as atropine (Mushin, Galloon, and Lewis-Faning, 1953), slowly released belladonna alkaloids (Reese, Free, Swintosky, and Grossman, 1959), and synthetic preparations (Grossman, 1958;Piper and Stiel, 1962;Juniper, Stewart, de Vancy, and Smith, 1964). The method described here differs in some respects from those used previously, over which it has several advantages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tartaric acid is an effective stimulus to salivary flow and in 'acid drop' form is palatable, easily obtained, and simpler to use than measured volumes of citric acid. The period of saliva collection is longer than that originally employed by Mushin et al (1953) and probably provides a more reliable assessment of flow rate. Furthermore, the exclusion of subjects with low salivary flow rates helps to produce more reliable results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical evaluation of three long-acting anticholinergic compounds.

Kaye¹,

Rhodes²,

Sweetnam³

1968

Gut

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“…Salivary flow was also determined at 15-min intervals by a slight change in Herxheimer's (1958) modification of Mushin's (1953) procedure. This measure will be reported in a subsequent paper dealing with age, sex, and race differences in SR, sweat-gland counts, salivary flow, and gastric secretion, and intercorrelations of these measures.…”

Section: / Propantheline Bromide Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Palmar Skin Resistance and Sweat‐gland Counts in Drug and Non‐drug States

1967

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Propantheline bromide, an anticholinergic blocking agent, was found to nullify all sizable changes in skin resistance. Betazole hydrochloride, a histamine isomer causing flushing of the skin, had no detectable effect on changes in skin resistance. Betazole hydrochloride did decrease the level of skin resistance, and it is possible that increased vasodilatation "pumps" more conductive (saline-like) substances into the skin. These results suggest that relatively rapid changes in skin resistance depend more upon sweat-gland activity than upon changes in the fluid content of the skin, without denying the importance of the latter. It may be that the level of skin resistance at any one time depends upon a combination of sweat-gland and vasomotor activities. Hence, as basal levels of skin resistance decrease, the relative magnitude of changes in skin resistance to stimuli also decreases (law of initial values). DESCRIPTORS: Histamine effects, Betazole hydrochloride. Skin resistance (SR) levels. Sweat-gland coimts (SWC), Anticholinergic drug effects, Propantheline bromide. from the National Institutes of Health, assisted in the statistical analysis. We wish to acknowledge the help of Dr. Robert Edelberg, University of Oklahoma Medical Center, who made several helpful suggestions concerning this paper, and the editorial assistance of Mrs. Peggy Ackerman.Address requests for reprints to: Kerrison Juniper, Jr., M.D., 4301 West Markham, Little k, Arkansas, 72201.

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Anti-sialogogue and Other Effects of Atropine Mucate

Cited by 28 publications

References 3 publications

Comparison of the Effects of Atropine and Glycopyrrolate on Various End-Organs

Comparison of the Effects of Atropine and Glycopyrrolate on Various End-Organs

Clinical evaluation of three long-acting anticholinergic compounds.

Palmar Skin Resistance and Sweat‐gland Counts in Drug and Non‐drug States

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