Anti-migration and Anti-invasion Abilities of Methanolic Leaves Extract of Clerodendrum Inerme on Lung Cancer Cells

Abstract

Lung cancer is the most common cancer types in men and fourth cancer in women. It is the major cause of cancer-related death in the world. There are about 1,350,000 newly developed cases and 1,180,000 death cases of lung cancer, globally. Lung cancer is divided into two major types, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). 1 Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type that accounts for 80-90% of lung cancers, which is divided into 3 major pathologic subtypes including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma. 2 About 30-40% of patients with advanced NSCLC will develop metastasis, which is the lung cancer cells migrate to and invade to the distant organs, such as bones, brain and contralateral lung. 3 Metastasized lung cancer is difficult for treatment because it is highly resistant to radiation and conventional chemotherapeutic agents. It is the main cause of cancer-related death in lung cancer patients. 4,5 Thus, the potential therapeutic agent for treating lung cancer metastasis is an urgent therapeutic need. Clerodendrum inerme is a medicinal plant in the family Verbenaceae. Its common names include glory bower, bag flower, and bleeding-heart. 6 It is widely distributed in South and Southeast Asia, Australia and Pacific islands. 7 Different parts of C. inerme are used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of rheumatism, cough, scrofulous infection, venereal infection, skin diseases, beriberi, and tumors. 8-10 The leaves of C. inerme are used for treating fever, cough, skin rashes, chronic pyrexia and boils, and are used in conjunction with other plant leaves. 11 C. inerme exhibited many pharmacological effects including hepatoprotective, 12 antiinflammatory, 13 anti-bacterial, 14-16 anti-oxidant, 17 antidiabetic, 18 antiparasitic, 19 antiallergic, 20 and anticancer 21-24 activities. Recent studies showed that C. inerme leaves extract displays antiproliferation and anticancer activities on lung cancer cell line A549. 25,26 However, the anti-migration, anti-invasion and anti-adhesion activities of C. inerme leaves extract on cancer cells have not been reported. Therefore, the present study investigated the inhibitory effect of methanolic leaves extract of C. inerme on cancer migration, invasion and adhesion in A549 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical reagents Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), trypan blue and 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2Htetrazolium bromide (

In vitro Wound Healing Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Clerodendrum Inerme Leave Extracts

“…10 C. inerme exhibits hepatoprotective, 7 antiinflammatory, 11 anti-bacterial, [12][13] anti-oxidant 14 and anticancer activities. [15][16][17] However, thus far effects of C. inerme leave extracts on wound healing have not been reported. The present study aimed to evaluate the pharmacological effects of water and ethanol extracts of C. inerme leaves on wound healing.…”