Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic Acids in Phorbol-Ester-lnduced Mouse Ear Inflammation

Abstract

Laboratory animal models and clinical studies suggest that dietary n-3 fatty acids are beneficial in diseases with an inflammatory component such as rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis. In the present study we investigated the effect of purified docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on phorbol ester (TPA)-induced acute inflammation. Mice were fed for 6 weeks a diet containing 5% corn oil enriched with either 1% DHA or 1% EPA and compared with a group receiving 6% corn oil only. The dietary treatment with DHA or EPA elevated the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as expected in the spleen and ear phospholipids, associated with a reduction in arachidonic acid levels. The degree of ear inflammation was quantified by measuring the four parameters including (1) edema as the increase in ear biopsy weight, (2) polymorphonuclear cell infiltration as myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) at the site of inflammation, (3) prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and (4) leukotriene B₄ (LTB₄) concentrations in ear edema. The addition of DHA to the diet reduced significantly the edema formation and the MPO activity 24 h after a TPA challenge. Both DHA and EPA significantly reduced the PGE₂ and LTB₄ levels compared with animals fed corn oil. This result suggests that DHA rather than EPA may be useful in the adjuvant treatment of diseases where acute inflammatory processes play a role.

A Diet Enriched with the Omega-3 Fatty Acid Docosahexaenoic Acid Reduces Amyloid Burden in an Aged Alzheimer Mouse Model

“…DHA is highly enriched in the neuronal or synaptic membrane (Salem, 1989), and its depletion can lead to increased n-6/ n-3 ratios, resulting in inflammation (De Caterina et al, 1994;Raederstorff et al, 1996;Simopoulos, 2002) or excessive oxidative stress (Komatsu et al, 2003), two conditions that enhance A␤ production (Sastre et al, 2003) and are present in AD and transgenic mice (Akiyama et al, 2000;Lim et al, 2000;Pratico et al, 2001;Grundman et al, 2002). Inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress induce BACE expression and activity (Tamagno et al, 2002;Sastre et al, 2003).…”

“…In particular, whereas ␣-secretase expression appears more or less constitutive (Sisodia, 1992;Lammich et al, 1999;Lopez-Perez et al, 2001), BACE1 expression in neuronal cells has been reported to be increased by both proinflammatory cytokines (Sastre et al, 2003) and oxidative damage (Tamagno et al, 2002). n-3 PUFAs have been reported to be antiinflammatory (De Caterina et al, 1994;Raederstorff et al, 1996;Simopoulos, 2002) and to reduce oxidative damage (Komatsu et al, 2003), consistent with protein carbonyl reduction with high-DHA diets (Calon et al, 2004). Therefore, BACE1 mRNA levels in animals on low-and high-DHA diets were analyzed by real- …”

Treatment of Skin Inflammation with Benzoxaborole Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors: Selectivity, Cellular Activity, and Effect on Cytokines Associated with Skin Inflammation and Skin Architecture Changes

“…Topical application of PMA triggers prominent neutrophil migration and macrophage activation in the skin. TNF-a, IL-6, and IL-1b, along with proinflammatory lipids such as prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4, are induced by topical PMA (Raederstorff et al, 1996;Jang and Pezzuto 1998;Dong et al, 2013). We examined the effect of compd3 on the mRNA levels of IL-23, IL-17F, IL-13, and IL-22 in this model.…”

A sardine oil‐rich diet increases iron absorption but does not compensate the hypoferremia associated with inflammation

“…Fish oil and n-3 PUFA are used in the treatment of inflammatory disorders, either in experimental models (17)(18)(19)(20) or clinically (6,7,(21)(22)(23). They reduce the synthesis of pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids (8,9), tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-1 production (24,25), and superoxide anion release by polymorphonuclear cells (10) in vitro.…”