Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms of Novel Synthetic Ruthenium Compounds

Abstract

Inflammation is the primary biological reaction to induce severe infection or injury in the immune system. Control of different inflammatory cytokines, such as nitric oxide (NO), interleukins (IL), tumor necrosis factor alpha-(TNF-α), noncytokine mediator, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), facilitates anti-inflammatory effect of different substances. Coordination metal complexes have been applied as metallo-drugs. Several metal complexes have found to possess potent biological activities, especially anticancer, cardioprotective, chondroprotective and anti-parasitosis activities. Among the metallo drugs, ruthenium-based (Ru) complexes have paid much attention in clinical applications. Despite the kinetic nature of Ru complexes is similar to platinum in terms of cell division events, their toxic effect is lower than that of cisplatin. This paper reviews the anti-inflammatory effect of novel synthetic Ru complexes with potential molecular mechanisms that are actively involved.

New glycoconjugation strategies for Ruthenium(II) arene complexes via phosphane ligands and assessment of their antiproliferative activity

“…45 Results indicate that both Ru complexes slightly decreased the formation of oxidative stress in A2780 cells (Figure S70). Such behaviour (antioxidant activity) was previously reported for other ruthenium(II) arene complexes, such as [RuCl(p-cymene)(LN)]BF4 compounds involving aromatic diimine ligands (LN) 46 and complexes of the [RuCl(p-cymene)(LNS)] type containing the 3methoxysalicylaldehyde-4(N)-substituted thiosemicarbazones (LNS). 47 benzimidazole-based ligands 49 showed, besides good antiproliferative effects, also the ability to promote the progression of oxidative stress in the cancer cells and thus induction of the cell death.…”

A Comprehensive Review for Ruthenium(II) Complexes in Photodynamic Therapy

“…Proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1β, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) can all be inhibited by them. Inflammation can be decreased by these complexes because they have the ability to modify the activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), two important regulators of inflammatory responses [160][161][162][163].…”

Ruthenium (III)–Indigo Complex Loaded on the Salep Hydrogel as an Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Nanocomposite

“…Recently, applications of new transition metal complexes and nanomaterials such as quantum dots, layered composites, and two-dimensional metal–organic frameworks have been explored in the fields of electrocatalysts, photocatalysts, sensors, energy storage, optoelectronic devices, superconductors, medicine, and medical treatment. , Various transition metal complexes reveal the therapeutic potential to treat cancer, inflammation, neurological disease, and diabetes. , In addition, transition metal carbides could be used in tumor therapy according to their photothermal conversion performance and tumor imaging as a contrast agent . The ruthenium complexes have attracted more attention in recent years due to low toxicity and high stability. , Ruthenium is an inert metal of the platinum group, which has therapeutic properties similar to platinum. , For instance, ruthenium–quinoline complexes, including TQ-1, TQ-2, TQ-4, and TQ-6, were synthesized using Li et al’s method ,− and demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity . Although ruthenium complexes have substantial therapeutic effects, they have limits for clinical usage, such as dose-dependent side effects and a short circulation time.…”

“…23 The ruthenium complexes have attracted more attention in recent years due to low toxicity and high stability. 27,28 Ruthenium is an inert metal of the platinum group, which has therapeutic properties similar to platinum. 29,30 For instance, ruthenium−quinoline complexes, including TQ-1, TQ-2, TQ-4, and TQ-6, were synthesized using Li et al's method 27,31−33 and demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity.…”