Anti‐inflammatory Effects of the Zingiber officinale roscoe Constituent 12‐Dehydrogingerdione in Lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated Raw 264.7 Cells

Abstract

Ginger has long been used worldwide as a spice, seasoning, and wine and is also used as a traditional medicine. There have been no previous studies of the potential beneficial effects of the ginger constituent 12-dehydrogingerdione (12-DHGD). We investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of 12-DHGD on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. The cytotoxicity of 12-DHGD was measured using the MTT assay, and production of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) and the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a was measured by ELISA. Production of nitric oxide (NO) was measured using Griess reagent and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible NO (iNOS) enzymes was assessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Treatment of Raw 264.7 cells with 12-DHGD significantly inhibited LPS-stimulated production of NO (at 12-DHGD concentrations of 150 and 200 ng/ml), IL-6 (at 50, 100, 150, and 200 ng/ml), and PGE 2 (at 200 ng/ml). Consistent with the effects on NO and PGE 2 production, 12-DHGD treatment also inhibited the LPS-stimulated increase in iNOS and COX-2 mRNA levels. However, 12-DHGD did not affect production of IL-1b or TNF-a in response to LPS. 12-DHGD, a constituent of ginger, is a potent inhibitor of proinflammatory mediator production in Raw 264.7 macrophage cells.

Role of Garlic and Ginger in Anti-oxidative and Anti-inflammatory Effects in Aging

“…Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae, is one of regularly eat up spice and also used as traditional herbal medicine for thousands of years [27].…”

Beneficial effects of ginger Zingiber officinale Roscoe on obesity and metabolic syndrome: a review

“…As a treatment, 6‐gingerol could inhibit the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF‐α and IL‐6, which demonstrated that ginger mat exert its hypoglycemic effects via controlling inflammation . Apart from 6‐gingerol, the other constituents of ginger, such as 12‐dehydrogingerdione and 6‐shogaol, also exhibit antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties, which significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated production of nitric oxide (NO) and suppressed mRNA levels of cytokines (IL‐6, IL‐8) in RAW 264.7 cells . Moreover, ginger extracts showed a significant inhibitory effect on carbohydrate‐hydrolyzing enzymes, such as α ‐glucosidase and α ‐amylase, in in vitro studies.…”

“…25,48 Apart from 6gingerol, the other constituents of ginger, such as 12-dehydrogingerdione and 6-shogaol, also exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharidestimulated production of nitric oxide (NO) and suppressed mRNA levels of cytokines (IL-6, IL-8) in RAW 264.7 cells. 32,33 Moreover, ginger extracts showed a significant inhibitory effect on carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes, such as ␣-glucosidase and ␣-amylase, in in vitro studies. This may help to reduce the intestinal absorption of carbohydrates, enhance insulin sensitivity, and contribute to antihyperglycemic effects.…”

Pilot clinical study of the effects of ginger root extract on eicosanoids in colonic mucosa of subjects at increased risk for colorectal cancer

“…These findings are in contrast to previous studies in humans as well as those conducted in a rat model and in vitro. Whole ginger root and various ginger constituents have been shown to inhibit leukotriene synthesis by blocking 5-LOX activity [21,40], reduce COX-1 and COX-2 activity and subsequently reduce concentrations of PGE 2 in a variety of cell lines [20][21][22][41][42][43][44][45][46][47], and significantly reduce serum levels of PGE 2 in female Sprague-Dawley rats given 50 mg/kg ginger extract daily [27]. Our previous work in participants at normal risk for CRC showed that a 2.0 g dose of ginger root extract given for 28 d significantly reduced PGE 2 concentrations in colonic mucosa [33].…”