Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lipid-Lowering Drugs and Supplements—A Narrative Review

Zivkovic, Stefan; Marić, Gorica; Cvetinovic, Nataša; Lepojevic-Stefanovic, Danijela; Cvijan, Bojana Bozic

doi:10.3390/nu15061517

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 229 publications

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“…By contrast, end‐stage kidney disease is associated with increased CRP levels that may be elevated because of inflammation and decreased filtration. Use of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, magnesium supplements, or statins may lower CRP levels 55–57 . It should also be recognized that CRP and other inflammatory indicators may be reduced in patients with immunosuppressive conditions or therapies.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidance for assessment of the inflammation etiologic criterion for the GLIM diagnosis of malnutrition: A modified Delphi approach

Jensen,

Cederholm,

Ballesteros‐Pomar

et al. 2024

J Parenter Enteral Nutr

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BackgroundThe Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) approach to malnutrition diagnosis is based on assessment of three phenotypic (weight loss, low body mass index, and reduced skeletal muscle mass) and two etiologic (reduced food intake/assimilation and disease burden/inflammation) criteria, with diagnosis confirmed by fulfillment of any combination of at least one phenotypic and at least one etiologic criterion. The original GLIM description provided limited guidance regarding assessment of inflammation, and this has been a factor impeding further implementation of the GLIM criteria. We now seek to provide practical guidance for assessment of inflammation.MethodsA GLIM‐constituted working group with 36 participants developed consensus‐based guidance through a modified Delphi review. A multiround review and revision process served to develop seven guidance statements.ResultsThe final round of review was highly favorable, with 99% overall “agree” or “strongly agree” responses. The presence of acute or chronic disease, infection, or injury that is usually associated with inflammatory activity may be used to fulfill the GLIM disease burden/inflammation criterion, without the need for laboratory confirmation. However, we recommend that recognition of underlying medical conditions commonly associated with inflammation be supported by C‐reactive protein (CRP) measurements when the contribution of inflammatory components is uncertain. Interpretation of CRP requires that consideration be given to the method, reference values, and units (milligrams per deciliter or milligram per liter) for the clinical laboratory that is being used.ConclusionConfirmation of inflammation should be guided by clinical judgment based on underlying diagnosis or condition, clinical signs, or CRP.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidance for assessment of the inflammation etiologic criterion for the GLIM diagnosis of malnutrition: A modified Delphi approach

Jensen,

Cederholm,

Ballesteros‐Pomar

et al. 2024

J Parenter Enteral Nutr

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“…Primarily because of the reduction of LDL cholesterol, they have been shown to reduce mortality, especially in high-risk patients [97]. However, their pleiotropic actions, including their anti-inflammatory potential, are both significant and well-recognized [98][99][100]. Statins have a beneficial role in plaque stabilization by improving endothelial function and by decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation [101].…”

Section: Statinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Anti-Inflammatory Therapies in Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndromes

Dimitroglou,

Aggeli,

Theofilis

et al. 2023

Life

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Evidence suggests that inflammation plays an important role in atherosclerosis and the consequent clinical presentation, including stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The most essential elements are cytokines, proteins with hormone-like properties that are produced by the immune cells, endothelial cells, platelets, fibroblasts, and some stromal cells. Interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6), chemokines, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are the cytokines commonly associated with endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and atherosclerosis. These molecules can be targeted by commonly used therapeutic substances or selective molecules that exert targeted anti-inflammatory actions. The most significant anti-inflammatory therapies are aspirin, statins, colchicine, IL-1β inhibitors, and IL-6 inhibitors, along with novel therapies such as TNF-α inhibitors and IL-1 receptor antagonists. Aspirin and statins are well-established therapies for atherosclerosis and CAD and their pleiotropic and anti-inflammatory actions contribute to their efficacy and favorable profile. Colchicine may also be considered in high-risk patients if recurrent ACS episodes occur when on optimal medical therapy according to the most recent guidelines. Recent randomized studies have also shown that therapies specifically targeting inflammatory interleukins and inflammation can reduce the risk for cardiovascular events, but these therapies are yet to be fully implemented in clinical practice. Preclinical research is also intense, targeting various inflammatory mediators that are believed to be implicated in CAD, namely repeated transfers of the soluble mutant of IFN-γ receptors, NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors, IL-10 delivery by nanocarriers, chemokine modulatory treatments, and reacting oxygen species (ROS) targeting nanoparticles. Such approaches, although intriguing and promising, ought to be tested in clinical settings before safe conclusions can be drawn. Although the link between inflammation and atherosclerosis is significant, further studies are needed in order to elucidate this association and improve outcomes in patients with CAD.

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“…The formation and accumulation of foam cells is a critical process of intimal lipid deposition during atherosclerosis ( Maguire et al, 2019 ), which plays an important role in all stages of atherosclerotic lesion development, from the initial lesion to the advanced plaque. Considering the cholesterol level is closely related to the risk of cardiovascular disease, many lipid-lowering agents have been in clinical use, such as statins, bile acid sequestrants, ezetimibe, fibrates, omega-3 fatty acids, niacin, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors and dietary supplements ( Zivkovic et al, 2023 ). However, treatment failure and recurrent cardiovascular events occurred frequently ( Kim et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cell origins of foam cell and lipid metabolism regulated by mechanical stress in atherosclerosis

et al. 2023

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Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease initiated by endothelial activation, in which lipoprotein, cholesterol, extracellular matrix, and various types of immune and non-immune cells are accumulated and formed into plaques on the arterial wall suffering from disturbed flow, characterized by low and oscillating shear stress. Foam cells are a major cellular component in atherosclerotic plaques, which play an indispensable role in the occurrence, development and rupture of atherosclerotic plaques. It was previously believed that foam cells were derived from macrophages or smooth muscle cells, but recent studies have suggested that there are other sources of foam cells. Many studies have found that the distribution of atherosclerotic plaques is not random but distributed at the bend and bifurcation of the arterial tree. The development and rupture of atherosclerotic plaque are affected by mechanical stress. In this review, we reviewed the advances in foam cell formation in atherosclerosis and the regulation of atherosclerotic plaque and lipid metabolism by mechanical forces. These findings provide new clues for investigating the mechanisms of atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression.

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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lipid-Lowering Drugs and Supplements—A Narrative Review

Cited by 12 publications

References 229 publications

Guidance for assessment of the inflammation etiologic criterion for the GLIM diagnosis of malnutrition: A modified Delphi approach

Guidance for assessment of the inflammation etiologic criterion for the GLIM diagnosis of malnutrition: A modified Delphi approach

Novel Anti-Inflammatory Therapies in Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndromes

The cell origins of foam cell and lipid metabolism regulated by mechanical stress in atherosclerosis

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