Anti-Inflammatory Effects of a Pomegranate Leaf Extract in LPS-Induced Peritonitis

Abstract

Folk medicine suggests that pomegranate (peels, seeds and leaves) has anti-inflammatory properties; however, the precise mechanisms by which this plant affects the inflammatory process remain unclear. Herein, we analyzed the anti-inflammatory properties of a hydroalcoholic extract prepared from pomegranate leaves using a rat model of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute peritonitis. Male Wistar rats were treated with either the hydroalcoholic extract, sodium diclofenac, or saline, and 1?h later received an intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharides. Saline-injected animals (i.?p.) were used as controls. Animals were culled 4?h after peritonitis induction, and peritoneal lavage and peripheral blood samples were collected. Serum and peritoneal lavage levels of TNF-? as well as TNF-? mRNA expression in peritoneal lavage leukocytes were quantified. Total and differential leukocyte populations were analyzed in peritoneal lavage samples. Lipopolysaccharide-induced increases of both TNF-? mRNA and protein levels were diminished by treatment with either pomegranate leaf hydroalcoholic extract (57?% and 48?% mean reduction, respectively) or sodium diclofenac (41?% and 33?% reduction, respectively). Additionally, the numbers of peritoneal leukocytes, especially neutrophils, were markedly reduced in hydroalcoholic extract-treated rats with acute peritonitis. These results demonstrate that pomegranate leaf extract may be used as an anti-inflammatory drug which suppresses the levels of TNF-? in acute inflammation.

Traditional Games and Fundamental Movement Skills of Elementary School Students

“…Studi menunjukkan bahwa program aktivitas fisik setelah sekolah melalui permainan yang terorganisasi rendah dapat mendukung peningkatan moderat dalam kemampuan keterampilan gerak fundamental pada anak -anak. Pelatihan yang lebih baik dari para pemimpin program setelah sekolah tentang cara mengajar keterampilan gerak fundamental mungkin diperlukan untuk membantu anak-anak memperoleh kecakapan yang cukup dalam keterampilan gerak fundamental (Burrows, Keats, & Kolen, 2014). Penelitian lain menyebutkan bahwa keterampilan gerak fundamental mememiliki kontribusi positif terhadap kemampuan anak dalam bermain permainan invasi sederhana pada anak usia sekolah dasar (Wibowo, R., Nugraha, E., & Sultoni, K., 2018).…”

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“…They showed that HEP notably reduces the TNF‐α mRNA and protein levels in both serum and peritoneal lavage of rats. Moreover, HEP significantly diminished the number of peritoneal leukocytes, especially neutrophils (Marques et al, ).…”

“…They showed that HEP notably reduces the TNF-α mRNA and protein levels in both serum and peritoneal lavage of rats. Moreover, HEP significantly diminished the number of peritoneal leukocytes, especially neutrophils(Marques et al, 2016).Neuro-inflammation. Kim et al examined the effects of PL isolated from pomegranate against LPS-induced inflammation and memorydeficient in mice.…”

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