Anti‐Inflammatory Effects and Macrophage Activation Induced by Bioavailable Cinnamon Polyphenols in Mice

Abstract

ScopeCinnamon is a commonly used spice and herb that is rich in polyphenols. Due to the limited bioavailability of oral polyphenols, it remains unclear to which extent they can reach cells and exert a biological effect. This study aims to investigate the impact of bioavailable cinnamon polyphenols on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated macrophages.Methods and resultsA polyphenol fraction is prepared from cinnamon (Cinnamomi ramulus) (CRPF) by boiling cinnamon in water and adsorbing the extract onto a hydrophobic resin. Mice are orally administered CRPF for 7 days and then subjected to three independent experiments: endotoxemia, serum collection, and macrophage isolation. Upon intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide challenge, CRPF decreases serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, involving suppression of liver and spleen macrophages. When normal macrophages are cultured in serum obtained from CRPF‐treated mice, they exhibit an anti‐inflammatory phenotype. However, macrophages from CRPF‐treated mice show an increased production of inflammatory cytokines when cultured in fetal bovine serum and stimulated with LPS.ConclusionThe study provides evidence for the presence of bioavailable cinnamon polyphenols with anti‐inflammatory properties and macrophage activation. These findings suggest that cinnamon polyphenols have the potential to modulate macrophage function, which could have implications for reducing inflammation and improving immune function.

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“…The main chemical component of cloves is clove volatile oil, which exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and analgesic effects, while also promoting transdermal absorption [ 20 , 21 ]. Previous studies have shown that polyphenols in cinnamon can modulate macrophage anti-inflammatory phenotypes, and cinnamaldehyde (CA) can inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines [ 22 , 23 ]. Furthermore, the essential oil of Cinnamomum species can reduce the levels of PGF 2α , Ca 2+ , and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in uterine tissues, thereby alleviating uterine smooth muscle spasms in a dysmenorrhea rat model [ 24 ].…”

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“…The stimulation of interferon (IFN) and the activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) cause M1 differentiation to begin, whereas IL-4 causes M2 polarization to begin [116]. Certain polyphenols from cinnamon are reported to activate macrophages and have an impact on lowering inflammation and enhancing immunological performance [117,118]. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) govern a wide range of complex biological activities, including angiogenesis, inflammation, differentiation, and proliferation.…”

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“…M1 differentiation begins with the stimulation of interferon (IFN) by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and the activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), while M2 polarization is initiated by the release of interleukin-4 (IL-4) [ 235 ]. Evidence suggests that certain cinnamon polyphenols can activate macrophages, which in turn can reduce inflammation and enhance immunological performance [ 236 , 237 ]. An increasingly recognized field of research, immune-cell-mediated cancer therapy focuses on leveraging cytotoxic immune cells to combat cancer.…”