Anti‐inflammatory effect ofAntirrhinum majusextract in lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages

Abstract

Antirrhinum majus (AM) has attracted attention as a rich source of phytochemicals, which are beneficial for human health. However, the anti‐inflammatory effects of AM have not been studied scientifically. Therefore, we investigated the antioxidative properties and anti‐inflammatory effects of AM extract (AME) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. AME showed high radical‐scavenging ability. Viability of RAW 264.7 cells was not significantly altered by AME at the concentrations of 0–300 µg/ml. LPS‐induced nitric oxide (NO) production was decreased by treatment with 0–300 µg/ml AME in a concentration‐dependent manner. AME pretreatment significantly inhibited the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) in a concentration‐dependent manner. AME also considerably inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor‐a (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1 β (IL‐1β), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). These findings provide a foundation for further studies and use of AM in nutraceuticals.

Anti-Aging, Anti-Acne, and Cytotoxic Activities of Houttuynia cordata Extracts and Phytochemicals Analysis by LC-MS/MS

“…The cytotoxic effect of A. majus extract was tested on RAW 264.7 cells. The cell viability was not significantly altered by the extract at concentrations of 0-300 µg/mL [42]. Moreover, the aqueous, acetone, and methanol extracts of Celosia argentea flowering stage were used for cytotoxic evaluation on RAW 264.7 macrophages.…”

Immunostimulatory Effect of Ovomucin Hydrolysates by Pancreatin in RAW 264.7 Macrophages via Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Signaling Pathway

“…iNOS catalyzes the conversion of L-arginine to NO and L-citulline via an oxidative deamination. NO is synthesized by iNOS, which is involved in the immune response to external stimuli such as bacterial LPS and cytokines ( Jang et al, 2020 ). NO is a critical mediator of the inflammatory response and, plays a vital role in maintaining health by combating pathogenic microorganisms, eliminating tumor cells, and performing various essential biological functions ( Cho et al, 2023b ).…”

Saponins of Paris polyphylla for the Improvement of Acne: Anti-Inflammatory, Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Effects

“…TLRs are evolutionarily conserved transmembrane innate immune receptors involved in the first line of defense of human health and play important roles in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) [52]. The active TLR2 is expressed in skin cells [53], such as keratinocytes, monocytes, and macrophages, and is activated by binding to Acinetobacter peptidoglycan, promoting the production of inflammatory factors (e.g., IL-8, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) [54], and stimulating the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages.…”