Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ecklonia cava Extract on Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Macrophages and a Periodontitis Rat Model

Abstract

Ecklonia cava, an edible marine brown alga (Laminariaceae), is a rich source of phlorotannins. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of Ecklonia cava ethanol extract (ECE, dieckol 10.6%, w/w) on Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells and in ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. The levels of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 were decreased by more than half on treatment with 100 μg/mL ECE. Downregulated tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 gene expression confirmed the anti-inflammatory properties of ECE. ECE treatment upregulated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression by 6.3-fold and increased HO-1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) signaling decreased nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) translocation. ECE administration (400 mg/kg) significantly reduced gingival index, restricted tooth mobility, and prevented alveolar bone loss (p < 0.05). These beneficial effects were due to decreased inflammatory cell infiltration, IL-1β production, and matrix metalloproteinase expression in gingival tissues. The ratio of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin, a biomarker of periodontitis and osteolysis, was significantly decreased by ECE administration (p < 0.05). Thus, ECE has potential therapeutic effects for the alleviation of periodontal disease.

A Biorefinery Approach to the Biomass of the Seaweed Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey Suringar, 1873): Obtaining Phlorotannins-Enriched Extracts for Wound Healing

“…For instance, hexane fraction from Myagropsis myagroides ethanolic extract had a significant anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia [ 55 ]. Ecklonia cava ethanol extract, containing 10.6% w/w of dieckol, a phlorotannin type, decreased by more than half NO in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, when treated with 100 μg·mL −1 [ 56 ]. Notably, the results obtained for wE100 may be related to the potential content in phlorotannins.…”

Characteristics and Glucose Uptake Promoting Effect of Chrysin-Loaded Phytosomes Prepared with Different Phospholipid Matrices

“…qRT-PCR was performed using a StepOne Plus™ real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems) to analyze the effect of samples on the expression of genes associated with glucose uptake in C2C12 muscle cells. Cell harvest, total RNA extraction, and qRT-PCR were conducted as described elsewhere [21]. The primers used in the analysis were as follows: β-actin (Mm00607939_s1), PPARγ (Mm01184322_m1), GLUT4 (Mm00436615_m1).…”

Naturally Derived Heme-Oxygenase 1 Inducers and Their Therapeutic Application to Immune-Mediated Diseases

“…These effects have been related to the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway (Figure 1), being dieckol the phlorotannin that presents higher anti-inflammatory properties in primary macrophages (161). Furthermore, in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, E. cava ethanolic extract treatment decreased proinflammatory cytokine gene expression and inflammatory mediators, by up-regulating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling (162). Similarly, Ecklonia stolonifera ethanol extract (with phlorofucofuroeckol A and B) inhibits the Akt/ERK/JNK1-2 and p38 MAPK signaling in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells with anti-inflammatory effects (163).…”