Anti‐inflammatory, Antioxidative, and Moisturizing Effects of Oxyceros horridus Lour. Ethanol Extract in Human Keratinocytes via the p38 Signaling Pathway

Abstract

Skin is the largest and outermost organ in the human body; it serves as a vital defense mechanism against various external threats. Therefore, it is crucial to maintain its health through protection against harmful substances and adequate moisture levels. This study investigates the anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and moisturizing properties of Oxyceros horridus Lour. (Oh‐EE) in human keratinocytes. Oh‐EE demonstrates potent antioxidant activity and effectively protects against oxidative stress induced by external stimuli such as UVB radiation and H2O2. Additionally, it exhibits significant anti‐inflammatory effects proven by its ability to downregulate the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, namely COX‐2 and IL‐6. The study also explores the involvement of the AP‐1 pathway, highlighting the ability of Oh‐EE to suppress the expression of p38 and its upstream regulator, MKK3/6, under UVB‐induced conditions. Interestingly, Oh‐EE can activate the AP‐1 pathway in the absence of external triggers. Furthermore, Oh‐EE enhances skin moisture by upregulating the expression of key genes involved in skin hydration, namely HAS3 and FLG. These findings underscore the potential of Oh‐EE as a versatile ingredient in skincare formulations, providing a range of skin benefits. Further research is warranted to comprehensively understand the underlying mechanisms through which Oh‐EE exerts its effects.