Anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities of calophyllolide isolated from Calophyllum inophyllum Linn

Abstract

Due to the high-cost and limitations of current wound healing treatments, the search for alternative approaches or drugs, particularly from medicinal plants, is of key importance. In this study, we report anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities of the major calophyllolide (CP) compound isolated from Calophyllum inophyllum Linn. The results showed that CP had no effect on HaCaT cell viability over a range of concentrations. CP reduced fibrosis formation and effectively promoted wound closure in mouse model without causing body weight loss. The underlying molecular mechanisms of wound repair by CP was investigated. CP markedly reduced MPO activity, and increased M2 macrophage skewing, as shown by up-regulation of M2-related gene expression, which is beneficial to the wound healing process. CP treatment prevented a prolonged inflammatory process by down-regulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines—IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, but up-regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. This study is the first to indicate a plausible role for CP in accelerating the process of wound healing through anti-inflammatory activity mechanisms, namely, by regulation of inflammatory cytokines, reduction in MPO, and switching of macrophages to an M2 phenotype. These findings may enable the utilization of CP as a potent therapeutic for cutaneous wound healing.

Vegetable butters and oils in skin wound healing: Scientific evidence for new opportunities in dermatology

“…Oil obtained from the seeds, also called Tamanu oil, is traditionally used dermally in French Polynesia to treat skin injuries (burns, scars, and infected wounds) and diseases (dermatosis, urticaria, and eczema; Ansel et al, ; Léguillier et al, ). In Vietnam, the oil has been used as a traditional medicine to treat burns, skin‐related and rheumatic diseases, and insomnia (Nguyen et al, ). The oil content of dried seeds ranges from around 30% to 75% (Fontanel, ; Janeš & Kočevar Glavač, ).…”

“…The unsaponifiable matter of calophyllum oil contains diverse bioactive compounds, including coumarins, xanthones, flavonoids, steroids, and triterpenoids (Praveena, ; Tsai et al, ). Calophyllolide, a coumarin, was reported to have anti‐inflammatory, anticoagulant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties (Nguyen et al, ). In a mouse model, calophyllolide reduced fibrosis formation and promoted wound closure through anti‐inflammatory mechanisms, such as the regulation of inflammatory cytokines, a reduction in tissue myeloperoxidase, and the activation of macrophages (Nguyen et al, ).…”

Assessment of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Asam Kandis (Garcinia Xanthochymus Hook. F. Ex T. Anderson) Fruit

“…The presence of flavonoids has been reported in Garcinia species, and flavonoids are known to inhibit prostaglandin synthetase. Previous studies have shown similar relationships between flavonoids and anti-inflammatory effects [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Therefore, it is possible that the anti-inflammatory action of Asam kandis fruit extract may be related to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. The phytochemical profile of Asam kandis fruit extract may be explored further to identify the active constituents responsible for its anti-inflammatory activity.…”

Pharmacological Properties of <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i> – Updated Review

“…A new xanthone named inophinnin isolated from the stem bark of Calophyllum inophyllum has been recently shown to be anti-inflammatory [6]. Calophyllolide, a major constituents in Calophyllum inophyllum seeds, induces anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6, while it represses the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrotic factor-ɑ in experimental studies [7]. Among active constituents of the bark and leaves, amentoflavone processes an inhibitory effect on 15-lipooxygenase (LOX) [8].…”