Anti-Inflammatory and Protective Effects of Water Extract and Bioferment from Sambucus nigra Fruit in LPS-Induced Human Skin Fibroblasts

Abstract

In this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and protective effects of the Sambucus nigra fruit extract and its ferment obtained by fermentation with kombucha tea fungus. For this purpose, fermented and non-fermented extracts were compared in terms of their chemical composition by the HPLC/ESI-MS chromatographic method. The antioxidant activity of the tested samples was assessed using DPPH and ABTS assays. Cytotoxicity was also determined using Alamar Blue and Neutral Red tests to assess the viability and metabolism of fibroblast and keratinocyte skin cells. Potential anti-aging properties were determined by their ability to inhibit the activity of the metalloproteinases collagenase and elastase. Tests showed that the extract and the ferment have antioxidant properties and stimulate the proliferation of both cell types. The study also assessed the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract and ferment by monitoring levels of the pro-inflammatory interleukins IL-6, IL-1ß, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory IL-10 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated fibroblast cells. The results indicate that both the S. nigra extract and its kombucha ferment can be effective in preventing free-radical-induced cell damage and have positive effects on skin cell health.

Development of Potential Therapeutic Agents from Black Elderberries (the Fruits of Sambucus nigra L.)

“…Similarly, silver nanoparticles (AgSNs) of an extract of elderberries diminished the viability of dysplastic oral keratinocytes (DOKs), while they stimulated the proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) [36]. In addition, a water extract of elderberries potentiated the activity of keratinocytes but slightly inhibited the viability of fibroblasts, indicating that elderberries may be helpful in the prevention of some skin conditions [37]. Thus, an extract of elderberries was found to decrease the proliferation of murine B16-F10 melanoma and human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells [38].…”