Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant nanostructured cellulose membranes loaded with phenolic-based ionic liquids for cutaneous application

Abstract

The utilization of natural compounds, such as phenolic acids and biopolymers, in the healthcare domain is gaining increasing attention. In this study, bacterial nanocellulose (BC) membranes were loaded with ionic liquids (ILs) based on phenolic acids. These ionic compounds, with improved solubility and bioavailability, were prepared by combining the cholinium cation with anions derived from caffeic, ellagic and gallic acids. The obtained BC-ILs membranes were homogeneous, conformable and their swelling ability agreed with the solubility of each IL. These membranes revealed a controlled ILs dissolution rate in the wet state and high antioxidant activity. In vitro assays performed with Raw 264.7 macrophages and HaCaT keratinocytes revealed that these novel BC-ILs membranes are non-cytotoxic and present relevant anti-inflammatory properties. Diffusion studies with Hanson vertical diffusion cells showed a prolonged release profile of the ILs from the BC membranes. Thus, this work, successfully demonstrates the potential of BC-ILs membranes for skin treatment.

Topical Drug Delivery Systems Based on Bacterial Nanocellulose: Accelerated Stability Testing

“…BNC is known for exhibiting in vitro compatibility with epidermal cells (e.g., human HaCaT keratinocyte cell line [28,29]), but most importantly, it has good in vivo compatibility [31]. So, the in vivo cutaneous compatibility of the BNC-based membranes was tested by applying epicutaneous patches in the volar forearm ( Figure 7A) of twenty human volunteers (male and female, mean age: 28.8 ± 8.6 years) for 24 h. Visual scoring and non-invasive biophysical measurements were conducted at each application site in order to establish any impact on the skin [48], namely, stratum corneum (SC) and deep skin hydration, the skin barrier function in the form of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and erythema (a*) as the indicator of skin redness [49][50][51].…”

“…Several studies have confirmed that pure BNC membranes can be successfully loaded with multiple active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) (or other bioactive molecules) with different structures, solubility and hydrophilicity. For instance, neat BNC membranes have already been combined with drugs and other bioactive compounds, such as lidocaine [22,23], ibuprofen [23], caffeine [24], diclofenac [25] and amoxicillin [26] in their most common forms or formulated as ionic liquids [27,28] for cutaneous drug delivery. There are also examples of BNC-based nanocomposites being used for the cutaneous delivery of diclofenac [29] and BNC-based hybrid films for the cutaneous delivery of levofloxacin [30].…”

Applicability of bacterial cellulose in cosmetics – bibliometric review

“…of Citations 2014 Almeida et al [ 25 ] Bacterial cellulose membranes as drug delivery systems: An in vivo skin compatibility study; European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 111 2016 Gallegos et al [ 13 ] Bacterial cellulose: A sustainable source to develop value-added products – A review; BioResources 41 2011 Amnuaikit et al [ 22 ] Effects of a cellulose mask synthesized by a bacterium on facial skin characteristics and user satisfaction; Medical Devices Evidence and Research 41 2016 Paximada et al [ 26 ] Effect of bacterial cellulose addition on physical properties of WPI emulsions. Comparison with common thickeners; Food Hydrocolloids 41 2018 Sharma et al [ 8 ] Commercial application of cellulose nano-composites: A review; Biotechnology Reports 36 2015 Numata et al [ 27 ] A slow-release system of bacterial cellulose gel and nanoparticles for hydrophobic active ingredients; International Journal of Pharmaceutics 25 2016 Stanislawska [ 14 ] Bacterial nanocellulose as a microbiological derived nanomaterial; Advances in Materials Science 10 2017 Pacheco et al [ 19 ] Bacterial cellulose skin masks: Properties and sensory tests; Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 9 2019 Morais et al [ 29 ] Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant nanostructured cellulose membranes loaded with phenolic-based ionic liquids for cutaneous application; Carbohydrate Polymers. …”

In Vitro Investigation of Thiol-Functionalized Cellulose Nanofibrils as a Chronic Wound Environment Modulator

“…Here, we showed that the covalent functionalization of the cellulose nanofibers with cysteine is a promising approach to obtain a nanocellulose-based dressing capable of directly reacting with free radicals. Another strategy to endow nanocellulose-based dressings with antioxidant properties is to incorporate antioxidant compounds within the fiber matrix, allowing the dressing to act as a drug delivery system [ 35 , 36 ]. This approach presents the challenge of tailoring the drug load and release, while with a cys-CNF based wound dressing, the antioxidant capacity may be easier to control, since the antioxidant properties originate from the dressing matrix itself.…”