Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Effects of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of an Edible Red Macroalgae Sarcodia ceylanica

Abstract

Research so far has only shown that edible red macroalgae, Sarcodia ceylanica has the ability to eliminate free radicals and anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial properties. This study was conducted both in vitro and in vivo on the ethyl acetate extract (PD1) of farmed red macroalgae in order to explore its anti-inflammatory properties. In order to study the in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of PD1, we used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammatory responses in murine macrophages. For evaluating the potential in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of PD1, we used carrageenan-induced rat paw edema to produce inflammatory pain. The in vitro results indicated that PD1 inhibited the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in macrophages. Oral PD1 can reduce carrageenan-induced paw edema and inflammatory nociception. PD1 can significantly inhibit carrageenan-induced leukocyte infiltration, as well as the protein expression of inflammatory mediators (iNOS, interleukin-1β, and myeloperoxidase) in inflammatory tissue. The above results indicated that PD1 has great potential to be turned into a functional food or used in the development of new anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive agents. The results from this study are expected to help scientists in the continued development of Sarcodia ceylanica for other biomedical applications.

Inhibition of LPS-Induced Oxidative Damages and Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Phyllanthus emblica Extract via Down-Regulating NF-κB, COX-2, and iNOS in RAW 264.7 Cells

“…P. emblica fruit in nature is an edible that contains flavonoids, tannins, and other compounds which have excellent antioxidative capacities. Therefore, it can be used in general food for ingestion and as a supplementary food to enhance human health [8]. In view of this, we are interested in the role of P. emblica fruit due to the existence of all the above-mentioned important classes of bioactive properties.…”

“…NF-κB is also involved in the transcription of iNOS. When iNOS is activated by cytokines, NO will be released, and NO is an activator of COX [7,8]. Almost all mammal cell types have NF-κB, which consists of a family of transcription factors and is associated with inflammatory cytokine production, cell survival, activation, and differentiation of innate immune cells and inflammatory T helper cells.…”

“…The high iNOS activity typically occurs in an oxidative environmental stimulation, and the overexpressive levels of NO by proinflammatory cytokines have the opportunity to interact with superoxide leading to cell toxicity and peroxynitrite production [27]. These properties may define the roles of iNOS in human immune response, especially the stimulation of inflammation caused by macrophages [8]. Related to the generation of prostaglandin, the major effect which COX-2 causes in inflammation is the generation of pain.…”

“…COX is officially called prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase, and it is responsible for the biosynthesis of prostanoid, such as thromboxane and prostaglandins, from arachidonic acid. In humans, one of two cyclooxygenases, COX-2, responds by mediating inflammatory reactions [8]. Therefore, COX-2 inhibitors are often used as anti-inflammatory drugs.…”

Seaweeds: An Extensive Review of Medicinal Values

“…Carrageenan has been widely used as a tool in the screening of novel antiinflammatory drugs [364]. Among others, Porphyra vietnamensis [365,366], Eucheuma Cottonii [367], Dichotomaria obtusata ( Figure 17) [368], Cystoseira sedoides, Cladostephus spongiosis, Padina pavonica ( Figure 18) [369], Ecklonia cava (due to phlorotannins) [370][371][372], Caulerpa racemose [373], Sarcodia ceylanica [374], actinotrichia fragilis [375], Dictyota menstrualis ( Figure 19) [376], Gracilaria cornea [377], Gracilaria birdiae [378], Class Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae and Chlorophyceae [379], Caulerpa curpressoides [380,381], Ulva lactuca ( Figure 20) [382], Sargassum wightii and Halophila ovalis [383], Grateloupia lanceolate [384], Sargassum fulvellum and Sargassum thunbergii [385], Briareum excavatum [386], Caulerpa racemose [387], Sargassum hemiphyllum [388], Laurencia obtusa [389], Caulerpa kempfii [390] Caulerpa cupressoides [391] are reported for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.…”