Anti-Inflammatory Activity ofPistacia khinjukin Different Experimental Models: Isolation and Characterization of Its Flavonoids and Galloylated Sugars

Abstract

The present study aimed at isolating and elucidating the structure of the main components of Pistacia khinjuk L. and exploring its potential anti-inflammatory effect in different experimental models. The extract was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity by measuring paw volume in three experimental models. Then, prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) level, ear edema, tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, histopathology, nitric oxide (NO) level, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level were assessed. Seven phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids and galloylated compounds, were isolated from the aqueous methanol extract: gallic acid (1), methyl gallate (2), quercetin-3-O-β-D-⁴C₁-galactopyranoside (hyperin) (3), myricetin-3-O-α-L-¹C₄-rhamnopyranoside (myricitrin) (4), 1,6-digalloyl-β-D-glucose (5), 1,4-digalloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), and 2,3-di-O-galloyl-(α/β)-⁴C₁-glucopyranose (nilocitin) (7). The anti-inflammatory activity was evidenced by decreased carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and PGE₂ elevation. In the croton oil-induced ear edema model, MPO activity was significantly inhibited, and inflammatory histopathological changes were ameliorated. In the rat air pouch model, NO generation and TNF-α release were significantly inhibited. The isolation and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data of compound 6 from the genus Pistacia are revealed for the first time. Also, P. khinjuk L. aqueous methanol extract possesses anti-inflammatory activity in several experimental models.

Phytochemical study, cytotoxic, analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Strychnos nux-vomica

“…Paw inflammation and edema were induced by subplanter injection of 0.1 ml of 1 % freshly prepared suspension of carrageenan into the right hind paws of the rats of all groups (Esmat et al 2012). The thickness of the injected paws and contralateral paws were measured at 0, 60, 120,180, 240 and 300 min intervals using skin caliber.…”

Downregulation of tumor necrosis factor and other proinflammatory biomarkers by polyphenols

“…Wu et al, performed Q2 molecular 130 docking studies and found that curcumin is a potent inhibitor of 131 TNF-a because of its ability to form covalent and non-covalent 132 interactions [25]. These observations have great pharmacological 133 importance and suggest that curcumin can inhibit TNF-a associ- 134 ated inflammatory response. In fact, numerous reports have been 135 published suggesting that oral administration of curcumin can 136 down-regulate TNF-a expression both in serum and in tissues in 137 animals [26][27][28][29].…”

Chemical Study on Protective Effect Against Hydroxyl‐induced DNA Damage and Antioxidant Mechanism of Myricitrin

“…Although ROS play a fundamental role in maintenance of cellular and tissue homeostasis, 1 however, excessive ROS can oxidatively damage all classes of cellular molecules, including DNA, RNA, protein, and lipids, then lead to severe biological consequences including mutation, cell death, carcinogenesis, inflammation, neuronal degeneration, cardiovascular disease, and aging. 1) has been demonstrated to possess various pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory 4,5 and anti-tumor. 3 As a natural flavonoid, myricitrin (myricetin-3-O-a-L-rhamnopyranoside, Fig.…”