Anti-HTLV-1/2 IgG Antibodies in the Breastmilk of Seropositive Mothers

Rosadas, Carolina; Woo, Timothy; Haddow, Jana; Rowan, Aileen; Taylor, Graham P.

doi:10.3390/microorganisms9071413

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(24 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Next to breast milk cells, other milk components may impact HTLV-1-transmission. Testing of paired blood and milk samples from HTLV-1-infected mothers using a newly developed anti-HTLV IgG capture assay showed the presence of anti-HTLV-1/2 IgG in milk in the same proportion as blood but in lower quantity and that PVL in milk correlates with blood ( 14 ). Anti-HTLV-antibodies may protect transmission in utero , but decline after birth, and levels are low in breast milk.…”

Section: Which Cells In Breast Milk Carry Htlv-1 and How Does Breast ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anti-HTLV-antibodies may protect transmission in utero , but decline after birth, and levels are low in breast milk. Therefore, prolonged breastfeeding and decline of protective antibodies may finally increase the risk of HTLV-1-transmission over time ( 14 ). Several milk components have been shown to interfere with HTLV-1 transmission, amongst them the soluble milk protein lactoferrin, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which enhance HTLV-1 transmission to cord blood lymphocytes and transactivate the HTLV-1 long terminal repeat promotor ( 78 – 80 ).…”

Section: Which Cells In Breast Milk Carry Htlv-1 and How Does Breast ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Risk factors for HTLV-1 transmission via breastfeeding are (1) high proviral loads (PVL) in milk and blood, (2) low income, (3) breastfeeding over a longer period, (4) previous HTLV-1-infected offspring, (5) HLA-concordance between mother and child, (6) coinfection with the nematode Strongyloides sp., or (7) being a HAM/TSP patient ( 6 , 13 ). Infection most likely results from the prolonged exposure of infants to HTLV-1 infected cells in breast milk after the loss of protective maternal antibodies ( 9 , 14 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Milk Transmission of HTLV-1 and the Need for Innovative Prevention Strategies

Sebastian

Thoma-Kress

2022

Front. Med.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Breastfeeding is recommended by the World Health Organization for at least 6 months up to 2 years of age, and breast milk protects against several diseases and infections. Intriguingly, few viruses are transmitted via breastfeeding including Human T-cell leukemia virus Type 1 (HTLV-1). HTLV-1 is a highly oncogenic yet neglected retrovirus, which primarily infects CD4+ T-cells in vivo and causes incurable diseases like HTLV-1-associated inflammatory conditions or Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) after lifelong viral persistence. Worldwide, at least 5–10 million people are HTLV-1-infected and most of them are unaware of their infection posing the risk of silent transmissions. HTLV-1 is transmitted via cell-containing body fluids such as blood products, semen, and breast milk, which constitutes the major route of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Risk of transmission increases with the duration of breastfeeding, however, abstinence from breastfeeding as it is recommended in some endemic countries is not an option in resource-limited settings or underrepresented areas and populations. Despite significant progress in understanding details of HTLV-1 cell-to-cell transmission, it is still not fully understood, which cells in which organs get infected via the oral route, how these cells get infected, how breast milk affects this route of infection and how to inhibit oral transmission despite breastfeeding, which is an urgent need especially in underrepresented areas of the world. Here, we review these questions and provide an outlook how future research could help to uncover prevention strategies that might ultimately allow infants to benefit from breastfeeding while reducing the risk of HTLV-1 transmission.

show abstract

Section: Which Cells In Breast Milk Carry Htlv-1 and How Does Breast ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Which Cells In Breast Milk Carry Htlv-1 and How Does Breast ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Milk Transmission of HTLV-1 and the Need for Innovative Prevention Strategies

Sebastian

Thoma-Kress

2022

Front. Med.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…If a mother decides to breastfeed, or is unable to formula feed safely, then measurement of proviral load in breastmilk should be considered if this is available. In this circumstance, we recommend undertaking HTLV-1 PCR on breastmilk at 1 week and 3 months and every 3 months thereafter as long as breastfeeding continues, done via real-time PCR (39). If the breastmilk HTLV-1 PVL is ≥1%, or if the mother breastfeeds for more than 3 months, there should be further encouragement for breastfeeding to cease if possible, and if it continues then the infant should be considered high risk for developing HTLV-1 infection (6).…”

Section: Mother-to-child Transmission Risk Factors and Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of Human T-Cell Lymphotrophic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) With a Proposed Management Algorithm

et al. 2022

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a human retrovirus that is endemic in a number of regions across the world. There are an estimated 5–10 million people infected worldwide. Japan is currently the only country with a national antenatal screening programme in place. HTLV-1 is primarily transmitted sexually in adulthood, however it can be transmitted from mother-to-child perinatally. This can occur transplacentally, during the birth process or via breastmilk. If HTLV-1 is transmitted perinatally then the lifetime risk of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma rises from 5 to 20%, therefore prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HTLV-1 is a public health priority. There are reliable immunological and molecular tests available for HTLV-1 diagnosis during pregnancy and screening should be considered on a country by country basis. Further research on best management is needed particularly for pregnancies in women with high HTLV-1 viral load. A first step would be to establish an international registry of cases and to monitor outcomes for neonates and mothers. We have summarized key risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of HTLV-1 and subsequently propose a pragmatic guideline for management of mothers and infants in pregnancy and the perinatal period to reduce the risk of transmission. This is clinically relevant in order to reduce mother-to-child transmission of HTLV-1 and it's complications.

show abstract

“…This is consistent with the hypothesis that more antibodies are transmitted through the placenta during pregnancy, which may protect against infection in the fetus and early postnatal infants. Rosadas et al measured anti-HTLV-1/2 IgG antibodies and PVL in paired blood and breastmilk samples from HTLV-1/2-positive mothers and reported that the HTLV-1 PVL and IgG binding ratio were similar in plasma and breastmilk, but that the titer of anti-HTLV-1/2 IgG antibodies in plasma was about 1000 times higher than that in breastmilk [122]. After delivery, HTLV PVL increases in the blood of the mother [123].…”

Section: Factors Associated With Htlv-1 Mtctmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mother-to-Child Transmission of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1: Mechanisms and Nutritional Strategies for Prevention

Itabashi

Miyazawa

2021

Cancers

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Approximately 95% of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is derived from prolonged breastfeeding, which is a major cause of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Exclusive formula feeding (ExFF) is therefore generally used to prevent MTCT. A recent cohort study revealed that 55% of pregnant carriers chose short-term breastfeeding for ≤ 3 months in Japan. Our meta-analysis showed that there was no significant increase in the risk of MTCT when breastfeeding was carried out for ≤ 3 months compared with ExFF (pooled relative risk (RR), 0.72; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.30–1.77), but there was an almost threefold increase in risk when breastfeeding was carried out for up to 6 months (pooled RR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.69–5.03). Thus, short-term breastfeeding for ≤ 3 months may be useful in preventing MTCT. Breastmilk is the best nutritional source for infants, and any approach to minimizing MTCT by avoiding or limiting breastfeeding must be balanced against the impact on the child’s health and mother–child bonding. To minimize the need for nutritional interventions, it is necessary to identify factors that predispose children born to carrier mothers to MTCT and thereby predict MTCT development with a high degree of accuracy.

show abstract

Anti-HTLV-1/2 IgG Antibodies in the Breastmilk of Seropositive Mothers

Cited by 7 publications

References 19 publications

Milk Transmission of HTLV-1 and the Need for Innovative Prevention Strategies

Milk Transmission of HTLV-1 and the Need for Innovative Prevention Strategies

A Review of the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of Human T-Cell Lymphotrophic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) With a Proposed Management Algorithm

Mother-to-Child Transmission of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1: Mechanisms and Nutritional Strategies for Prevention

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About