Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus Efficacy of Silk Cocoon, Silkworm Pupa and Non-Sericin Extracts

Abstract

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are prevalent worldwide and are the cause of life- threatening diseases. Standard treatment with antiviral drugs, such as acyclovir, could prevent serious complications; however, resistance has been reported specifically among immunocompromised patients. Therefore, the development of an alternative approach is needed. The silk cocoon derived from silkworm, Bombyx mori, has been recognized for its broad-spectrum biological activity, including antiviral activity; however, its effects against HSV infection are unknown. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of silk extracts derived from the cocoon shell, silk cocoon, silkworm pupa and non-sericin extract, on blocking HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding to host cells, resulting in the inhibition of the virus infection in Vero cells. Non-sericin extract demonstrated the greatest effectiveness on inhibiting HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding activity. Moreover, the virucidal effect to inactivate HSV-1 and HSV-2 was determined and revealed that non-sericin extract also exerted the highest potential activity. Using the treatment of non-sericin extract in HSV-2-infected HeLa cells could significantly lower the HSV-induced cell death and prevent inflammation via lowering the inflammatory cytokine gene expression. The non-sericin extract was analyzed for its bioactive compounds in which gallic acid, flavonoid and xanthophyll were identified, and might have partially contributed to its antiviral activity. The finding in our study suggested the potential of silk extract as an alternative therapeutic treatment for HSV infection.

Potential therapeutic agents of Bombyx mori silk cocoon extracts from agricultural product for inhibition of skin pathogenic bacteria and free radicals

“…Silk cocoons and silkworm pupae were provided by Piankusol Silk and Cotton Co., Ltd., Chiang Mai, Thailand. The extracts of silk cocoons with pupae and silk cocoons without pupae were boiled in sterile, distilled water at 100 °C for 9 h and 12 h. Silkworm pupae extract was boiled in sterile, distilled water at 100 °C for 1 h ( Jantakee et al, 2021 ). The sample and solvent were used at a ratio of 1:25 (weight per volume).…”

Silkworm Cocoon: Dual Functions as a Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Raw Material of Promising Biocompatible Carriers

“…The bioactive components of this portion of the extract were further shown to be gallic acid, flavonoids, and xanthophyll, and they played important roles in the antiviral activity. This study indicated that the SC extract has potential as a therapeutic treatment for herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection [21].…”

“…Concurrently, the ability to modulate inflammatory responses [12][13][14] and resist oxidative stress [15][16][17][18] broadens their application in disease prevention and treatment. Furthermore, the inherent antimicrobial [4,19,20] and antiviral [21] properties of these proteins enhance their effectiveness in developing cutting-edge medical interventions.…”

Immunopathology of herpes simplex virus‐associated neuroinflammation: Unveiling the mysteries

“…278 In established treatments, famciclovir presents as a viable option for managing genital herpes. 275,279 The evolving…”

“…As we delve into the complexities of this challenge, it is evident that innovative strategies are being developed, including those directed at managing acyclovir‐resistant herpes simplex keratitis 278 . In established treatments, famciclovir presents as a viable option for managing genital herpes 275,279 . The evolving research landscape emphasises the need for a holistic approach that harnesses existing antiviral agents and potential novel therapies, ensuring a practical stance against HSV infections and their adaptive resistance dynamics.…”