Anti-freezing, tough, and stretchable ionic conductive hydrogel with multi-crosslinked double-network for a flexible strain sensor

Chen, Daiwei; Bai, Huiyu; Zhu, Haiyan; Zhang, Shengwen; Wang, Wei; Dong, Weifu

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.148192

Cited by 17 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Meanwhile, the ionic conductivity, provided by ions such as Ga 3+ and H + , generates stable and background-resistant signals. The combination of these two conductivity modes allows the XG-PANI-Ga-PAA hydrogel-based strain sensor to achieve high sensitivity and reliability in detecting minute changes in strain …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhancing Mechanical and Sensing Performance of Conductive Hydrogel via Ga-Droplet Costabilization with Polyaniline and Xanthan Gum

Lu,

Liu,

Liu

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Conductive hydrogels incorporating liquid metals, particularly gallium (Ga) droplets, have garnered significant attention owing to the multifaceted functionalities they offer. In this study, we introduce a liquid-metal-based conductive hydrogel synthesized through radical polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) in the presence of Ga droplets stabilized by polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers and xanthan gum (XG) at room temperature. The incorporation of PANI not only enhances the stability of Ga-droplet dispersion but also improves the hydrogel’s mechanical properties, including tensile strength, toughness, and sensitivity as a sensor material. With the addition of 0.5 wt % PANI, the hydrogel displays an elongation at break of 964% and a tensile strength of 265 kPa, while exhibiting a sensor gauge factor (GF) of 13.4 within a strain range of 400–600%. The reversible noncovalent cross-links within the hydrogel confer excellent self-healing properties, achieving 98% self-healing efficiency in elongation at break within 6 h and 90% conductivity self-healing within 83 ms. Additionally, the hydrogel’s abundant functional groups enable strong adhesion to various substrates. As a sensing material, the hydrogel demonstrates rapid response and recovery times (250/250 ms), low detection limits (0.1%), and good durability (500 cycles under 10 and 100% strains). The cross-linked network composed of XG, PANI, and PAA imparts the hydrogel with water retention. Moreover, glycerol treatment reinforces the hydrogel’s mechanical strength and sensing abilities, extending their effectiveness even under extreme temperature conditions. As a result, the XG-PANI-Ga-PAA hydrogel-based strain sensor has emerged as a promising tool for monitoring human health and detecting a wide range of human activities with reliability and precision.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As illustrated in Figure S12b, soaking the XG-PANI-Ga-PAA hydrogel in a 40% glycerol solution for 30 min enabled the hydrogel to retain its stretchability at −20 °C. This phenomenon arises because glycerol can effectively lower the freezing point of water by forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Mechanical and Sensing Performance of Conductive Hydrogel via Ga-Droplet Costabilization with Polyaniline and Xanthan Gum

Lu,

Liu,

Liu

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Machine Learning Assisted Electronic/Ionic Skin Recognition of Thermal Stimuli and Mechanical Deformation for Soft Robots

Shi,

Lee,

Yang

et al. 2024

Advanced Science

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Soft robots have the advantage of adaptability and flexibility in various scenarios and tasks due to their inherent flexibility and mouldability, which makes them highly promising for real‐world applications. The development of electronic skin (E‐skin) perception systems is crucial for the advancement of soft robots. However, achieving both exteroceptive and proprioceptive capabilities in E‐skins, particularly in terms of decoupling and classifying sensing signals, remains a challenge. This study presents an E‐skin with mixed electronic and ionic conductivity that can simultaneously achieve exteroceptive and proprioceptive, based on the resistance response of conductive hydrogels. It is integrated with soft robots to enable state perception, with the sensed signals further decoded using the machine learning model of decision trees and random forest algorithms. The results demonstrate that the newly developed hydrogel sensing system can accurately predict attitude changes in soft robots when subjected to varying degrees of pressing, hot pressing, bending, twisting, and stretching. These findings that multifunctional hydrogels combine with machine learning to decode signals may serve as a basis for improving the sensing capabilities of intelligent soft robots in future advancements.

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Flexible Supercapacitor with Wide Electrochemical Stable Window Based on Hydrogel Electrolyte

Qi,

Ren,

et al. 2024

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Hydrogel electrolyte can endow supercapacitors with excellent flexibility, which has developed rapidly in recent years. However, the water‐rich structures of hydrogel electrolyte are easy to freeze at subfreezing and dry at high temperatures, which will affect its energy storage characteristics. The low energy density of micro supercapacitors also hinders their development. Herein, a strategy is proposed to reduce the free water activity in the hydrogel to improve the operating voltage and the energy density of the device, which is achieved through the synergistic effect of the hydrogel skeleton, N, N’‐dimethylformamide (DMF), NaClO4 and water. High concentrations of DMF and NaClO4 are introduced into sodium alginate/polyacrylamide (SA/PAAM) hydrogel through solvent exchange to obtain SA/PAAM/DMF/NaClO4 hydrogel electrolyte, which exhibited a high ionic conductivity of 82.1 mS cm−1, a high breaking strength of 563.2 kPa, and a wide voltage stability window of 3.5 V. The supercapacitor devices are assembled by the process of direct adhesion of the hydrogel electrolyte and laser induced graphene (LIG). The micro‐supercapacitor exhibited an operating voltage of 2.0 V, with a specific capacitance of 2.41 mF cm−2 and a high energy density of 1.34 µWh cm−2, and it also exhibit a high cycle stability, good flexibility, and integration performance.

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Anti-freezing, tough, and stretchable ionic conductive hydrogel with multi-crosslinked double-network for a flexible strain sensor

Cited by 17 publications

References 61 publications

Enhancing Mechanical and Sensing Performance of Conductive Hydrogel via Ga-Droplet Costabilization with Polyaniline and Xanthan Gum

Enhancing Mechanical and Sensing Performance of Conductive Hydrogel via Ga-Droplet Costabilization with Polyaniline and Xanthan Gum

Machine Learning Assisted Electronic/Ionic Skin Recognition of Thermal Stimuli and Mechanical Deformation for Soft Robots

Flexible Supercapacitor with Wide Electrochemical Stable Window Based on Hydrogel Electrolyte

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