Anti-Doping Policy Before 1999

Hunt, Thomas M.

doi:10.4324/9780203795347-18

Cited by 5 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“… 1 2 In 1928, the International Amateur Athletics Federation became the first federation to prohibit specific substances (stimulants). 3 4 In 1967, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) created a ‘Prohibited List’ that consisted of stimulants and narcotics. 4 5 The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) inherited the responsibility of publishing the List in 2004.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of therapeutic use exemptions at the Olympic Games and association with medals: an analysis of data from 2010 to 2018

Vernec

Healy

2020

Br J Sports Med

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ObjectivesThe percentage of athletes with Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs) competing in elite sport and the association with winning medals has been a matter of speculation in the absence of validated competitor numbers. We used International Olympic Committee (IOC) and World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) data to identify athletes competing with TUEs at five Olympic Games (Games) and a possible association between having a TUE and winning an Olympic medal.MethodsWe used the IOC’s competition results and WADA’s TUE database to identify the number of TUEs for athlete competitions (ACs, defined as one athlete competing in one event) and any associations with medals among athletes competing in individual competitions. We calculated risk ratios (RR) for the probability of winning a medal among athletes with a TUE compared with that of athletes without a TUE. We also reported adjusted RR (RRadj) controlling for country resources, which is a potential confounder.ResultsDuring the Games from 2010 to 2018, there were 20 139 ACs and 2062 medals awarded. Athletes competed with a TUE in 0.9% (181/20 139) of ACs. There were 21/2062 medals won by athletes with a TUE. The RR for winning a medal with a TUE was 1.13 (95% CI: 0.73 to 1.65; p=0.54), and the RRadj was 1.07 (95% CI: 0.69 to 1.56; p=0.73).ConclusionThe number of athletes competing with valid TUEs at Games is <1%. Our results suggested that there is no meaningful association between being granted a TUE and the likelihood of winning a medal.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of therapeutic use exemptions at the Olympic Games and association with medals: an analysis of data from 2010 to 2018

Vernec

Healy

2020

Br J Sports Med

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“…At present, most studies on sports doping focus on prohibited substances, prohibited methods or testing methods (Lombardi et al, 2016; Wang et al, 2017), the use of prohibited substances and drug test adulterations (Antonopoulos and Hall, 2016; Maughan, 2007), ethical issues relating to athlete support personnel (Miah, 2006; Newsham and Mokha, 2017) and athlete privacy and human rights in doping control (Elbe and Overbye, 2014; Waddington and Møller, 2014). Other researchers have examined WADA’s anti-doping policies and their effectiveness in doping control (Loland and Hoppeler, 2011; Stewart and Smith, 2004; Wagner, 2011) or the appropriateness of anti-doping policies (De Hon, 2017; Efverström et al, 2016; Houlihan, 2015; Hunt, 2015; Malcolm and Waddington, 2008). Also examined have been the impact of the prohibited lists and the whereabouts requirements for athlete privacy and welfare (Henne, 2016; Sefiha and Reichman, 2016) and athlete health and anti-doping education (Henning and Dimeo, 2015; Mazanov et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Managing compliance with the World Anti-Doping Code: China’s strategies and their implications

Tan

Bairner

Chen

2018

International Review for the Sociology of Sport

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With the problems of doping in sport becoming more serious, the World Anti-Doping Code was drafted by the World Anti-Doping Agency in 2003 and became effective one year later. Since its passage, the Code has been renewed four times, with the fourth and latest version promulgated in January 2015. The Code was intended to tackle the problems of doping in sports through cooperation with governments to ensure fair competition as well as the health of athletes. To understand China’s strategies for managing compliance with the Code and also the implications behind those strategies, this study borrows ideas from theories of compliance. China’s high levels of performance in sport, judged by medal success, have undoubtedly placed the country near the top of the global sports field. Therefore, how China acts in relation to international organizations, and especially how it responds to the World Anti-Doping Agency, is highly significant for the future of elite sport and for the world anti-doping regime. Through painstaking efforts, the researchers visited Beijing to conduct field research four times and interviewed a total of 22 key sports personnel, including officials at the General Administration of Sports of China, the China Anti-Doping Agency, and individual sport associations, as well as sport scholars and leading officials of China’s professional sports leagues. In response to the World Anti-Doping Agency, China developed strategies related to seven institutional factors: ‘monitoring’, ‘verification’, ‘horizontal linkages’, ‘nesting’, ‘capacity building’, ‘national concern’ and ‘institutional profile’. As for the implications, the Chinese government is willing and able to comply with the World Anti-Doping Agency Code. In other words, the Chinese government is willing to pay a high price in terms of money, manpower and material resources so that it can recover from the disgrace suffered as a result of doping scandals in the 1990s. The government wants to ensure that China’s prospects as a participant, bidder and host of mega sporting events are not compromised, especially as the host of the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing.

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“…The modern Olympics began in 1896 in Paris and in 1928 the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF, now World Athletics) officially prohibited the use of enhancing substances in athletics competition for the first time. (Hunt 2015). Then in 1938, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) produced a resolution on amateur (athlete) status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the use of stimulants had been publicly discouraged since the 1920s, Article 6 of the resolution was the first official regulation for all sports disciplines at the Games (Hunt 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ethical and Governance Challenges in Population Biobanking: the case of the global Anti-Doping Administration & Management System

Thompson¹

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This study is an ethical analysis of the governance and regulatory dimensions of biobanking with specific reference to the Anti-Doping Administration Management System (ADAMS) of the global regulator of anti-doping in sports, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The study focuses on four key ethico-governance issues: (i) consent; (ii) benefit-sharing; (iii) harmonization of ethics and governance; and (iv) conditions for the secondary research uses of data originally collected for doping control purposes. It is argued that the consent process prior to data collection, storage and analysis is problematic, since athletes may not refuse the request to provide data sought by anti-doping authorities without forfeiting their eligibility to compete. The process requires simultaneous permission for research and testing which creates ambiguity, compounded by the unequal relationship between athletes and WADA. A range of alternative models are explored and a case is made for an approach that combines broad consent with iterative, or ‘reflexive’ governance and stakeholder involvement including education around research. Furthermore, ethical issues remain concerning governance and regulation for population research and use of data more generally between legal jurisdictions and within diverse populations. It is also argued that WADA’s claim to harmonization through its operational methods, regulation and governance, is not sufficiently well-defined outside of specific legal uses and is therefore too blunt a tool for ethical governance in global sport contexts. This thesis proposes reforms to existing WADA processes including consent processes and moves toward more reflexive governance frameworks that allow contextual nuance and iterative development, respecting differing needs within a shared structure. Specific recommendations are made to enhance accountability for potential secondary uses of ADAMS data for research. A distinction is drawn between anti-doping and broader biomedical research in developing ethically justifiable pathways that reduce the potential for coercion and empower athletes as contributors and potential beneficiaries.

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Anti-Doping Policy Before 1999

Cited by 5 publications

References 1 publication

Prevalence of therapeutic use exemptions at the Olympic Games and association with medals: an analysis of data from 2010 to 2018

Prevalence of therapeutic use exemptions at the Olympic Games and association with medals: an analysis of data from 2010 to 2018

Managing compliance with the World Anti-Doping Code: China’s strategies and their implications

Ethical and Governance Challenges in Population Biobanking: the case of the global Anti-Doping Administration & Management System

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