Anti-diarrheal activities of phytol along with its possible mechanism of action through in-vivo and in-silico models

Abstract

Phytol (PHY), a chlorophyll-derived diterpenoid, exhibits numerous pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. This study evaluates the anti-diarrheal effect of phytol (PHY) along with its possible mechanism of action through in-vivo and in-silico models. The effect of PHY was investigated on castor oil-induced diarrhea in Swiss mice by using prazosin, propranolol, loperamide, and nifedipine as standards with or without PHY.PHY at 50 mg/kg (p.o.) and all other standards exhibit significant (p < 0.05) anti-diarrheal effect in mice. The effect was prominent in the loperamide and propranolol groups. PHY co-treated with prazosin and propranolol was found to increase in latent periods along with a significant reduction in diarrheal section during the observation period than other individual or combined groups. Furthermore, molecular docking studies also suggested that PHY showed better interactions with the α-and β-adrenergic receptors, especially with α-ADR1a and β-ADR1. In the former case, PHY showed interaction with hydroxyl group of Ser192 at a distance of 2.91Å, while in the latter it showed hydrogen bond interactions with Thr170 and Lys297 with a distance of 2.65 and 2.72Å, respectively. PHY exerted significant anti-diarrheal effect in Swiss mice, possibly through blocking α-and β-adrenergic receptors.

Antidiarrheal Potential of Viola canescens: In Vivo and In Silico Approaches

“…In the current work, three phytocompounds were screened from the V. canescens plant's µOR and δOR antidiarrheal inhibitory properties. Diarrhea is reduced when mu-and delta-opioid receptors are targeted [18,19]. In order to identify prospective antidiarrheal inhibitors, specifically against µOR and δOR enzymes, a total of three phytochemicals were chosen and virtually screened by molecular docking, MD, and drug-likeness/ADMET assays.…”

In Vivo and In Silico Studies of Flavonoids Isolated from Pistacia integerrima as Potential Antidiarrheal Agents

“…Loperamide is a synthetic piperidine moiety-based opioid that binds to intestinal mu-opiate receptors (μORs) . Targeting mu- and delta-opioid receptors leads to inhibition of diarrhea. , Hence, we performed docking simulations on μOR and δOR. We have performed docking simulations using MOE (2016.0802).…”

“…27 Targeting mu-and delta-opioid receptors leads to inhibition of diarrhea. 28,29 Hence, we performed docking simulations on μOR and δOR. We have performed docking simulations using MOE (2016.0802).…”

Phytochemical Compositions, Nutritional Contents, Cytotoxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Different Extracts from Spirogyra neglecta (Hassall) Kützing

“…In addition, it can be used as a precursor for the manufacture of synthetic forms of vitamin E and vitamin K [15]. Interestingly, it has been reported to possess various pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory [16,17], anti-diarrheal activities [18], antinociceptive, antioxidant [19], and anti-diabetic [20], activities. In addition, other predominant compound found in this study, such as n-Hexadecanoic acid or Palmitic acid (CH3 (CH 2) 14COOH), a saturated fatty acid is an anti-inflammatory compound as it is found to exert anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting phospholipase A2 (PLA 2 plays crucial roles in diverse cellular responses, host defense, and signal transduction) [21].…”

“…Furthermore, Yosboonruang et al [1], reported that S. neglecta possesses anti-inflammatory activity by reducing the release of TNF-α from macrophages. Phytol exhibits anti-inflammatory activity, possibly via COX-1 and 2, NF-κB, and IL-1β dependent pathways [18], and attenuates the inflammatory response by inhibiting neutrophil migration that is partly caused by reduction in IL-1b and TNF-a levels and oxidative stress [17]. In this study, Phytol was found to be higher in the methanol extract than that in the propylene glycol extract, but the propylene glycol extract inhibited NO production higher than the methanol extract did.…”