Anti-diabetics and antimicrobials: Harmony of mutual interplay

Abstract

Diabetes is one of the four major non-communicable diseases, and appointed by the world health organization as the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. The scientists have turned over every rock in the corners of medical sciences in order to come up with better understanding and hence more effective treatments of diabetes. The continuous research on the subject has elucidated the role of immune disorders and inflammation as definitive factors in the trajectory of diabetes, assuring that blood glucose adjustments would result in a relief in the systemic stress leading to minimizing inflammation. On a parallel basis, microbial infections usually take advantage of immunity disorders and propagate creating a pro-inflammatory environment, all of which can be reversed by antimicrobial treatment. Standing at the crossroads between diabetes, immunity and infection, we aim in this review at projecting the interplay between immunity and diabetes, shedding the light on the overlapping playgrounds for the activity of some antimicrobial and anti-diabetic agents. Furthermore, we focused on the anti-diabetic drugs that can confer antimicrobial or anti-virulence activities.

Synthesis, Antimicrobial, Anti-Virulence and Anticancer Evaluation of New 5(4H)-Oxazolone-Based Sulfonamides

“…Bacterial virulence is regulated via a quorum sensing (QS) system in an inducer/receptor manner [51,52]. Diminishing bacterial virulence is an advantageous strategy to decrease the development of bacterial resistance [47,[53][54][55][56].…”

“…Diminishing bacterial virulence is an advantageous strategy to decrease the development of bacterial resistance [47,[53][54][55][56]. In this direction, anti-virulence and anti-QS activities have been explored in several studies as reviewed [51]. The ability of P. aeruginosa or S. aureus to form biofilms was assayed in the absence or presence of tested compounds at sub-MIC.…”

“…The process in which bacterial populations are controlled is called quorum sensing (QS) in which cells communicate with each other using signaling molecules called autoinducers that are produced by bacterial cells and detected by receptors on other bacterial cells. The QS signaling system orchestrates numerous physiological functions in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria [51,61]. Targeting bacterial virulence is a promising approach to decreasing the development of bacterial resistance [51,54].…”

“…The QS signaling system orchestrates numerous physiological functions in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria [51,61]. Targeting bacterial virulence is a promising approach to decreasing the development of bacterial resistance [51,54]. In this approach, we used synthesized compounds at their sub-MIC which did not affect the bacterial growth and hence will not increase the possibility of resistance development [47,53].…”

Computational and Biological Evaluation of β-Adrenoreceptor Blockers as Promising Bacterial Anti-Virulence Agents

“…Moreover, the diminishing of bacterial virulence gives the chance to the immune system to be activated efficiently against weakened bacteria [16]. Dozens of studies were directed to screen and evaluate the use of diverse chemical moieties as anti-virulence agents, but among all the tested compounds, approved safe drugs gained an increasing interest [3,4,[17][18][19]. Drug repurposing is exploring new uses of already known drugs which are famed by specific medical use.…”