“…For example, the agency theory postulates that managers decisions to hold more cash to pursue their interests at the expense of shareholders (Jensen, 1986). Where firms with serious agency issues accrue cash even though they do not have good investment opportunities (Jensen, 1986;Pinkowitz, Stulz, & Williamson, 2006;Harford, Mansi, & Maxwell, 2008;Xie & Zhang, 2020). This could lead to irrational spending, reckless investment decisions, and a lower corporate value which increases the cash holding costs, known as agency costs (Marwick, Hasan, & Luo, 2020;Dimitropoulos et al, 2020).…”