“…These components exhibit antimicrobial traits, disrupting crucial bacterial cellular functions. The observed impact stems from their ability to interfere with the cell wall or compromise the integrity of the cell membrane ( Mohammed et al, 2021 ). Additionally, these compounds can disrupt bacterial metabolism, including protein synthesis and DNA replication, which are essential for bacterial growth and development ( Chanthaphon et al, 2008 , Değirmenci and Erkurt, 2020 ).…”