Anti-Asian discrimination and the Asian-white mental health gap during COVID-19

Wu, Cary; Qian, Yue; Wilkes, Rima

doi:10.1080/01419870.2020.1851739

Cited by 232 publications

(191 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…That being female was a risk factor was also not surprising and in line with previous research done during the pandemic (e.g., Han et al, 2021). Consistent with prior research (Wu et al, 2020) and in line with the second hypothesis, discrimination was positively related to depression. Moreover, as hypothesized and consistent with past research (Kato, 2012;Sowislo & Orth, 2013), decreased self-esteem, perceived social support, and coping flexibility were positively related to depression, showing the promise of using these factors as clinical targets of intervention and psychoeducation in academic institutions serving CISs.…”

Section: Correlates Of Depression Within the Cis Samplesupporting

confidence: 87%

“…However, in March 2021 alone, another 2,808 incidents were reported (Jeung et al, 2021). As early research suggested, the apparent surge in anti-Asian hate incidents may exacerbate the psychological distress among Asian Americans (e.g., Woo & Jun, 2021;Wu et al, 2020). Although most of the victims of this increase in anti-Arian hate may have been Asian Americans rather than CISs (due to the vast difference in sub-population size), the potentially worse situation for the CISs becomes more salient, if an intersectional perspective is adopted.…”

Section: Distress and Its Correlates Among Ciss During Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychological Distress and Perceived Discrimination Among Chinese International Students One Year into COVID-19: A Preregistered Comparative Study

Bi¹,

Yeoh²,

Jiang³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background and Objectives: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Chinese international students(CISs) experienced increased depression and anxiety associated with a combination of unique and universal COVID-19-related stressors. Among these factors, discrimination against Chinese is especially alarming. Therefore, studying correlates of distress including the association between discrimination and distress and factors intensifying or attenuating this link has important implications.Design: We adopted a cross-sectional self-report design.Methods: Our study compared depression and anxiety between CISs (N = 381) and Chinese students in Chinese colleges (CSCCs; N = 306) and examined correlates of distress and, in particular, the association between perceived discrimination and distress as well as moderators on this link within CISs.Results: Compared to CSCCs, CISs reported greater depression and anxiety. Depression was associated with being female, older, non-heterosexual, discrimination, coping inflexibility, low social support, and low satisfaction with online learning. Anxiety was associated with being female, older, heterosexual, discrimination, coping inflexibility, low social support, and low satisfaction with online learning. High perceived social support and being heterosexual weakened the association between discrimination and distress (anxiety and depression). Conclusions: Our study underscored the impact of the pandemic and related discrimination on CISs and highlighted individual differences that may warrant attention.Keywords: COVID-19, Chinese international students, psychopathology, perceived discrimination, intersectionality, minority stress

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Section: Correlates Of Depression Within the Cis Samplesupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Distress and Its Correlates Among Ciss During Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Distress and Perceived Discrimination Among Chinese International Students One Year into COVID-19: A Preregistered Comparative Study

Bi¹,

Yeoh²,

Jiang³

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, in one survey of over 400 Asian Americans and Asians living in the United States, 29% reported increased discrimination, 41% reported increased anxiety symptoms, and 53% reported increased depressive symptoms, where social support buffered against the negative impact of discrimination on depressive (but not anxiety) symptoms ( 36 ). A second study collecting data from March through September 2020 found a widening gap in anxiety and depressive symptoms between White Americans and Asian immigrants living in the United States beginning in May 2020 ( 37 ). However, Asian Americans experienced significantly higher anxiety and depressive symptoms than White Americans throughout the data collection period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Distress Among the U.S. General Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic

et al. 2021

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The COVID-19 pandemic is taking a significant global toll on emotional well-being, but evidence of mental health impacts in the United States remains limited. In April 2020, we conducted an exploratory survey of U.S. residents to understand prevalence of and factors associated with psychological distress during the pandemic. Data collection was conducted using Qualtrics, an online survey platform, and U.S. adult respondents were recruited via Amazon's Mechanical Turk platform. Among 1,366 respondents, 42% (n = 571) reported clinically significant anxiety and 38% (n = 519) reported clinically significant depression. Factors associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms included Hispanic/Latino ethnicity; younger age; lower income; employment as or living with a health care worker-first responder; caregiver status; SARS-CoV-2 infection status; decreased frequency of engagement in healthy behaviors; and changed frequency of engagement in unhealthy behaviors. That some of these factors are associated with elevated distress during the pandemic is not yet widely appreciated and might be useful in informing management of mental health care resources.

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“…The idea that Asia is a source of plague-type viruses already has lineage, for example, in terms such as 'Asian flu'. COVID-19 has thus triggered existing racial prejudices towards Asians, increasing the mental health burden on Chinese/Asian people (Wu et al, 2021).…”

Section: Lineage In Origin Narrativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stigma Mutation: Tracking Lineage, Variation and Strength in Emerging COVID-19 Stigma

Farrimond

2021

Sociological Research Online

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In this article, I propose a novel theoretical framework for conceptualizing pandemic stigma using the metaphor of ‘mutation’. This metaphor highlights that stigma is not a static or fixed state but is enacted through processes of continuity and change. The following three orienting concepts are identified: (a) lineage (i.e. origin narratives and initial manifestations are created in relation to existing stigmas, stereotypes, and outgroups), (b) variation (i.e. stigma changes over time in response to new content and contexts), and (c) strength (i.e. stigma can be amplified or weakened through counter- or de-stigmatizing forces). I go on to use this metaphor to offer an analysis of the emergence of COVID-19 stigma. The lineage of COVID-19 stigma includes a long history of contagious disease, resonant with fears of contamination and death. Origin narratives have stigmatized Asian/Chinese groups as virus carriers, leading to socio-political manifestations of discrimination. Newer ‘risky’ groups have emerged in relation to old age, race and ethnicity, poverty, and weight, whose designation as ‘vulnerable’ simultaneously identifies them as victims in need of protection but also as a risk to the social body. Counter-stigmatizing trends are also visible. Public disclosure of having COVID-19 by high-status individuals such as the actor Tom Hanks has, in some instances, converted ‘testing positive’ into shared rather than shamed behaviour in the West. As discourses concerning risk, controllability, and blame unfold, so COVID-19 stigma will further mutate. In conclusion, the metaphor of mutation, and its three concepts of lineage, variation, and strength, offers a vocabulary through which to articulate emergent and ongoing stigma processes. Furthermore, the concept of stigma mutation identifies a clear role for social scientists and public health in terms of process engagement; to disrupt stigma, remaking it in less deadly forms or even to prevent its emergence altogether.

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Anti-Asian discrimination and the Asian-white mental health gap during COVID-19

Cited by 232 publications

References 46 publications

Psychological Distress and Perceived Discrimination Among Chinese International Students One Year into COVID-19: A Preregistered Comparative Study

Psychological Distress and Perceived Discrimination Among Chinese International Students One Year into COVID-19: A Preregistered Comparative Study

Psychological Distress Among the U.S. General Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Stigma Mutation: Tracking Lineage, Variation and Strength in Emerging COVID-19 Stigma

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