Anti‐apoptotic traits in gingival tissue from patients with severe generalized chronic periodontitis

Abstract

Aim In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the cytosolic and nuclear‐mitochondrial expression of pro‐apoptotic and anti‐apoptotic markers in gingival tissue from patients with severe generalized chronic periodontitis (sGCP). Methods Twenty‐four patients participated in the study: 15 (54.3 + 8.3 years) with sGCP and nine (38.2 + 5.4 years) with gingivitis alone. Gingival tissue was collected using a 1.5‐mm diameter punch and homogenized using a cell disruptor. The supernatants were analyzed for the cytosolic and nuclear‐mitochondrial fractions of caspase‐3, Bax, Bak, Smac, lamin B, Bad, Bim, survivin, Bcl‐xL, Mcl‐1, and of the dimers Bcl‐2/Bax, Bcl‐xL/Bak and Mcl‐1/Bak using a multiplex immunoassay. Results Significantly higher levels of cytosolic Bcl‐xL/Bak, nuclear‐mitochondrial Mcl‐1/Bak, and cytosolic Bcl‐xL were observed in gingival tissues from periodontitis patients compared to controls (P = 0.03, 0.03, and 0.05, respectively). The patients with gingivitis presented significantly increased levels of nuclear‐mitochondrial Bad, cytosolic and nuclear‐mitochondrial Bcl‐2/Bax, and cytosolic Bim compared to the patients with periodontitis (P < 0.001, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.04, respectively). Conclusion Significantly higher levels of anti‐apoptotic markers, such as Bcl‐xL/Bak, Mcl‐1/Bak, and Bcl‐xL, and lower levels of pro‐apoptotic markers Bad and Bim in inflamed tissues indicate an anti‐apoptotic trait in patients with sGCP.

Anti‐Apoptotic and Pro‐Apoptotic Bcl‐2 Family Proteins in Peri‐Implant Diseases

“…Higher expressions of pro‐apoptotic protein levels and apoptosis‐related genes in gingival tissues and peripheral bloods of periodontitis patients compared with healthy controls were demonstrated (Liu et al, 2016; Lundmark et al, 2015). On the contrary, Figueredo et al (2019) presented anti‐apoptotic traits in gingival tissues of chronic periodontitis. Peri‐implantitis differs from periodontitis with respect to anatomical features, cellular composition of the lesion, and the disease progression rate (Salvi et al, 2017).…”

“…Our results demonstrated higher anti‐apoptotic: pro‐apoptotic protein ratios in tissue samples of peri‐implant disease compared with controls. Dysregulation of intrinsic apoptotic response, due to increase of anti‐apoptotic: pro‐apoptotic ratios, has been demonstrated in other chronic inflammatory diseases, including Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontitis (Figueredo et al, 2019; Itoh et al, 2001; Williams et al, 2018). Higher expressions of pro‐apoptotic protein levels and apoptosis‐related genes in gingival tissues and peripheral bloods of periodontitis patients compared with healthy controls were demonstrated (Liu et al, 2016; Lundmark et al, 2015).…”

“…Dysregulation of intrinsic apoptotic response, due to increase of anti‐apoptotic: pro‐apoptotic protein ratios, has been implicating in various chronic inflammatory diseases including, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontitis (Figueredo et al, 2019; Itoh et al, 2001; Williams et al, 2018). According to these studies, increased anti‐apoptotic: pro‐apoptotic protein ratios and decreased intrinsic apoptosis response cause persistent chronic inflammatory environment.…”

Effect of Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF on human calvarial osteoblast apoptosis

“…The sophisticated modulation of the balance between anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic members of the BCL-2 family can determine cell fate decisions of life or death, giving rise to numerous diseases, such as cancer and autoimmune diseases [16,17]. Studies have reported that anti-apoptotic BCL-2 and BCL2L1 (also known as BCLXL), and pro-apoptotic BID, BIM, and BAX may play roles in the pathogenesis of periodontitis [5,18,19]. BCL-2, BCL2L1, BAD, and BAX may also be involved in the molecular mechanisms linking periodontal disease with cancer [20].…”