Anti-apoptosis and cell survival: A review

Abstract

Type I programmed cell death (PCD) or apoptosis is critical for cellular self-destruction for a variety of processes such as development or the prevention of oncogenic transformation. Alternative forms, including type II (autophagy) and type III (necrotic) represent the other major types of PCD that also serve to trigger cell death. PCD must be tightly controlled since disregulated cell death is involved in the development of a large number of different pathologies. To counter the multitude of processes that are capable of triggering death, cells have devised a large number of cellular processes that serve to prevent inappropriate or premature PCD. These cell survival strategies involve a myriad of coordinated and systematic physiological and genetic changes that serve to ward off death. Here we will discuss the different strategies that are used to prevent cell death and focus on illustrating that although anti-apoptosis and cellular survival serve to counteract PCD, they are nevertheless mechanistically distinct from the processes that regulate cell death.

Anti-CHMP5 single chain variable fragment antibody retrovirus infection induces programmed cell death of AML leukemic cells in vitro

“…AIF-induced apoptosis now is reported to be Caspaseindependent necroptosis [32] , and necrosis is thought to be type III programmed cell death [30] . Increasing evidence shows that necrosis is a highly orchestrated type of PCD [32,33] .…”

“…It is classified as type II programmed cell death [30] . In mammals, the conversion of the microtubuleassociated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) from LC3-I (free form) to LC3-II (phosphatidylethanolamine-conjugated form) or the increase of LC3-II is a key step in autophagy [34] .…”

“…Recently, apoptosis was classified as type I programmed cell death [30] . Our previous study had found that both the Granzyme B/Perforin-mediated apoptotic and AIF-mediated necrotic programmed cell death pathways are activated during CHMP5 deficiencies, whereas the autophagic programmed cell death is not activated (unpublished data).…”

Constitutive Activation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Promotes Tumorigenesis of Cr(VI)-transformed Cells through Decreased Reactive Oxygen Species and Apoptosis Resistance Development

“…M-MLV reverse transcriptase was from Promega (Madison, WI). Oligo (dT) 20, AccuPrime TaqDNA Polymerase High Fidelity, and pGEM-T easy cloning vector were from Invitrogen. Luciferase Assay System was from Promega (Fitchburg, WI).…”

AMIGO2, a novel membrane anchor of PDK1, controls cell survival and angiogenesis via Akt activation

“…Dysregulation of this pathway is also thought to be correlated with the pathogenesis of many human diseases including cancer, as well as metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurological disorders (Raff, 1992;Thompson, 1995;Toker and Newton, 2000;Dimmeler and Zeiher, 2000a;Chang et al, 2010;Portt et al, 2011). Numerous studies illustrate that abnormal activation of the Akt pathway is one of the principal causative factors for the onset and progression of human cancers (Vivanco and Sawyers, 2002).…”