Anti-Allergic Effect of Fermented Extracts of Medicinal Plants Andrographis paniculate, Salvia plebeia R. Br., Canavalia gladiate, Eleuthorococcus senticosus, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica, and Clerodendrum trichotomum Thunb. ex Murray

Abstract

Since the main symptoms of COVID-19 involve the respiratory system, the infection rate of this disease is predicted to be higher in patients with other respiratory conditions such as allergic rhinitis. In such a situation, it will be meaningful to conduct research on an allergy treatment that has fewer side effects and can effectively reduce allergy symptoms. Here, we prepared experimental samples under various fermentation conditions with mixed extracts of six medicinal plants. To examine the anti-allergic efficacy of these samples, an egg albumin-induced allergic rhinitis animal model experiment, a serum histamine and IgE experiment, and a COX and LO inhibitory activity experiment were conducted. As a result of animal experiments, OVA+SP-4 showed superior efficacy compared to OVA+SP-1 in nasal rubbing and sneezing experiments and had anti-allergic efficacy similar to that of OVA-cetirizine. The serum histamine concentration of OVA+SP-4 was also 1.3 times higher than that of the OVA+cetirizine group, showing a high histamine reduction ability, and IgE showed the same trend. An analysis of COX inhibitory efficacy also confirmed that COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory efficacy is high, and the longer the fermentation time, the higher the antiallergic efficacy. The composition proposed by this study is expected to have a significant effect on sustainable allergy prevention and treatment in the future by applying it to human patients.

New Alien Plant Taxa for Italy and Europe: An Update

“…Note. Although C. trichotomum is widely used and studied for its numerous medicinal properties [ 70 , 71 , 72 ], in Italy, it has been introduced and is used for ornamental purposes. Already reported as a casual alien in several Italian regions [ 43 ], the collected specimen was found together with other well-developed and vigorous plants, probably originating from an older individual along the SP3 Provincial Road.…”

Herbs and plants in immunomodulation (Review)

“…A previous study concluded that an aqueous extract has a higher concentration of total flavonoids compared to an ethanol extract, and a radical scavenging activity of 66.8 vs. 57.8% in ethanol; however, the ethanol extract appears to have more phenols compared to the aqueous extract, even though the potency of the aqueous extract is higher in antioxidant activities (16). Several phytochemicals, extracted from the leaves of Andrographis (namely andrographolide, neoandrographolide, isoandrographolide, andrograpanin, 7-O-methyl-wogonin, 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandro-grapholide and skullcapflavone) have been examined for their anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects in vitro (18,19). The majority of these compounds have been shown to induce a concentration-dependent inhibition of the release of inflammatory mediators from cultured macrophages, stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS), such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6.…”

“…The essential oil contains a considerable number of bioactive compounds, such as α-pinene, α-phellandrene, β-pinene, myrcene, limonene, sabinene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, terpinolene, γ-terpinene, linalyl acetate, α-terpineol, terpinen 4-ol, α-terpinyl acetate, geraniol, citronellol, trans-nerolidol and methyl eugenol (48). The particular flavor of cardamom is mainly owned by α-terpinyl acetate and 1,8-cineole (19). Over the years, cardamom has been used in the treatment of disorders, such as asthma, indigestion and congestive jaundice (49).…”