Anthropomorphic Robotic Eyes: Structural Design and Non-Verbal Communication Effectiveness

Abstract

This paper shows the structure of a mechanical system with 9 DOFs for driving robot eyes, as well as the system’s ability to produce facial expressions. It consists of three subsystems which enable the motion of the eyeballs, eyelids, and eyebrows independently to the rest of the face. Due to its structure, the mechanical system of the eyeballs is able to reproduce all of the motions human eyes are capable of, which is an important condition for the realization of binocular function of the artificial robot eyes, as well as stereovision. From a kinematic standpoint, the mechanical systems of the eyeballs, eyelids, and eyebrows are highly capable of generating the movements of the human eye. The structure of a control system is proposed with the goal of realizing the desired motion of the output links of the mechanical systems. The success of the mechanical system is also rated on how well it enables the robot to generate non-verbal emotional content, which is why an experiment was conducted. Due to this, the face of the human-like robot MARKO was used, covered with a face mask to aid in focusing the participants on the eye region. The participants evaluated the efficiency of the robot’s non-verbal communication, with certain emotions achieving a high rate of recognition.

Impact of Anthropomorphic Design on User Sentiment and Sustained Use Intention towards Household Healthcare

“…In the process of online marketing, companies using anthropomorphic communication can compensate for the lack of presence in online consumption, reducing consumers' perception that brands are impersonal and inhuman, and enhancing customer happiness [20]. When consumers receive personalized marketing using anthropomorphic communication with low information sensitivity, they are more likely to regard personalized marketing as sharing between friends rather than having cold sales purposes, resulting in more positive feelings and reducing privacy concerns [21]. The use of anthropomorphism in advertising services could also weaken consumers' perception of the hidden motives of advertisers and reduce their suspicion of advertising information [5].…”

Emotion Recognition for Partial Faces Using a Feature Vector Technique

“…From the above-mentioned problems resulting from traditional landmarks, in order to eliminate the problems where the number of landmarks produce insignificant characteristics, we propose an approach that has the ability to flexibly detect a number of significant upper facial landmarks without a fixed number and location of landmarks, as shown in Figure 6. As per Equation (7), our detected landmarks do not have to be located around the eyebrows, eyes, or nose. Our process does not require us to take all the pixels from the upper face.…”

“…Moreover, emotion recognition and face perception are highly associated with one another, and challenges are even more severe for the people who have a hearing disability and who mostly communicate through facial expressions, especially through the mouth. Emotion recognition is important because it can be applied to a vast number of applications, such as those in [2][3][4][5][6][7], for problem solving and are of exceptional value to both organizations and communities. For instance, facial emotion recognition applications have been produced to improve human-computer interaction [8].…”

Enhancing emotional expression in cat-like robots: strategies for utilizing tail movements with human-like gazes

“…They are the main medium of emotional expression and directly affect the user’s understanding and acceptance of the robot’s emotional state ( Chakraborty et al, 2021 ). Research has demonstrated that incorporating human-like eye expressions in emotional robots can substantially enhance the accuracy of emotion perception ( Penčić et al, 2022 ). Nevertheless, there are still constraints in using robot emotion expressions solely based on human-like eyes.…”