Anthropomorphic assessment of the retromolar foramen and retromolar nerve: anomaly or variation of normal anatomy?

Motamedi, Mohammad Hosein Kalantar; Gharedaghi, J.; Mehralizadeh, S; Navi, Fina; Badkoobeh, A.; Naser, Valaei; Azizi, Taghi

doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2015.10.017

Cited by 40 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…One such anatomical variation is bifid mandibular canal (Lizio et al, 2013). The retromolar canal (RMC) has been generally studied as a subtype of the bifid mandibular canal called the 'retromolar type' (Han & Park, 2013;Han & Hwang, 2014;Motamedi et al, 2016). This bony canal could be the so-called temporal crest canal that was first depicted in 1986 by Ossenberg (1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The RMC has a neurovascular bundle which is found to contain predominantly thin myelinated nerve fibers, numerous venules and arterioles covered by collagen bundle fibres and a little amount of adipose tissue (Alves & Deana, 2015;Capote et al, 2015;Han & Park;Lizio et al;Motamedi et al;Park et al;Potu et al). The artery in the RMC is the branch of inferior alveolar artery and the nerve derived from the inferior alveolar nerve (Kodera & Hashimoto, 1995;Capote et al).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of the Prevalence of Retromolar Canals: A Cone Beam CT Study

Taşsöker

Şener

2017

Int. J. Morphol.

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SUMMARY:The retromolar canal (RMC) is a collateral branch of the mandibular canal. This branch seems to be involved in the innervation of the third molar, retromolar trigon and part of the buccal mucosa and fibres of the buccinator and temporalis muscles. The prevalence of RMC in osseous and CBCT studies was reported between 1.7 %-72 %. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of RMCs in a Turkish population using cone beam CT. 340 CBCT images of hemimandibles of 170 patients, with a mean age of 37 (range, 16-80), that clearly identified the course of the mandibular canal in the posterior mandible were selected retrospectively from the archived records of our Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Department. The sagittal, coronal, axial and pseudopanoramic images were used for assessing the RMCs. This variant was found in 19 out of 170 patients (11 %). Of the 340 CBCT examinations in 170 patients, 20 showed the presence of a RMC (5 %). It was present unilaterally in 18 patients (95 %) and bilaterally in one patient (5 %). There was no difference in the presence of RMCs with regard to sex and sides of the mandible (p>0.05). Clinicans should be aware of RMC and this anatomical variance should be taken into consideration while planning surgery around this region. When there is any suspicion of the RMC presence CBCT is the best imaging modality to visualize the three-dimensional structure of this variant.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Prevalence of Retromolar Canals: A Cone Beam CT Study

Taşsöker

Şener

2017

Int. J. Morphol.

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“…Numerous anatomical studies of human mandibles have been published and that have documented morphological variation (Simonton, ; Gabriel, ; Nicholson, ; Kingsmill and Boyde, ; Sawyer et al, ; Nicholson and Harvati, ). Recent studies using cone‐beam computer tomography (CBCT) have added to our understanding of anatomical variation in the mandible of humans such as accessory mental foramina (Imada et al, ; Han et al, ; Iwanaga et al, ), retromolar canal (Motamedi et al, ), and lingual canal (Wang et al, ). CBCT has also made us easy to observe inside the bone without bone dissection.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Further morphological studies of the mandible using only CBCT are therefore unlikely to reveal new findings. Recently, some authors have investigated the pathways of nerve bundles, which cannot be detected by CBCT (Iwanaga et al, ; Motamedi et al, ), and they speculated on the proposed causes of variation. Some of these proposed causes remain controversial and the causes of rare variations are especially difficult to determine.…”

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confidence: 99%

Radiological and Microsurgical Anatomy for Variation of the Mandible: Comparative Study of Human and Macaca fascicularis

Iwanaga

Watanabe

Saga

et al. 2017

The Anatomical Record

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Recent studies using cone-beam computer tomography (CBCT) have added to our understanding of anatomical variation in the mandible of humans. However, the distribution of nerves cannot be revealed by CBCT. There have been investigations of the distribution of nerves relating to the mandible, but some proposed causes of these variations remain controversial. In this study, we observed a total of 10 sides from five mandibles of Macaca fascicularis of unknown age and sex using CBCT and dissection under stereomicroscopy. Nine of the 10 sides had two mental foramina in each side. Innervation by the mental nerves depended on the locations of those foramina. The long branch to the mandibular angle ran with a branch of the facial artery, which joined the mental artery in all 10 sides. Five specimens had a median perforating canal in the mandibular bone. In addition, a branch of the sublingual artery, which joined with the small branches of the submental artery, entered the mandibular bone from the median lingual foramen. This foramen was located in the lower part of the mandibular symphysis and passed via the median perforating canal to exit from the median labial foramen, also located in the lower part of the mandibular symphysis. We speculate that the median perforating canal of the mandible, rarely found in humans, is the remnant of the feeding artery of the fetal mandible, and in M. fascicularis is seen in all specimens because they have no mental protuberance. Anat Rec, 300:1464-1471, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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“…However, cadaveric studies have reported a prevalence ranging from 8.3% to 52.0% using CBCT images, and 8.0% to 40.4% with microscopy (Kikuta et al ). The RMC's average diameter was 1.58 mm (range, 1.13–2.24 mm) (Kuribayashi et al ; Senthil Kumar and Kesavi ; Han and Hwang ; Muinelo‐Lorenzo et al ; Capote et al ; Sisman et al ; Motamedi et al ).…”

Section: Literature Review and Suggestions For Risk Assessment Of Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Risk Assessment of Major Anatomical Variations in Clinical Dentistry

et al. 2019

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Most of the studies of the mandible's anatomical variations have presented the authors' speculations, and only a limited number has provided evidence that demonstrated the actual complications injury to the variant structures caused. To our knowledge, no study has evaluated the risks associated with these variant anatomical structures' injury. We reviewed articles that described clinical cases of the injury to, and anatomical studies of, three anatomical variants of the mandible—the accessory mental, lingual, and retromolar foramina—with which dentists are relatively familiar and that are mentioned often in the context of implant and third molar surgeries, to describe risk assessment methods with which to evaluate potential complications preoperatively. Only a limited number of the clinical reports of injury to the mandible's accessory foramina were available. The potential severe complication of injury of the accessory mental foramen (AMF) is sensory disturbance of the lower lip. Risk of neurosensory disturbance of lower lip can be assessed by AMF/MF ratio and positional relations to the MF. Potential severe complication of injury of the lingual foramen is bleeding and hemorrhage in the oral cavity's floor. Risk of bleeding can be assessed by diameter and positional relation between the mental spine/mylohyoid line. A risk assessment of the retromolar foramen could not be made because of inadequate data. We hope the risk assessments suggested will encourage dentists to predict intraoperative/postoperative complications caused by damaging the mandible's accessory foramina. Clin. Anat. 32:672–677, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Anthropomorphic assessment of the retromolar foramen and retromolar nerve: anomaly or variation of normal anatomy?

Cited by 40 publications

References 8 publications

Investigation of the Prevalence of Retromolar Canals: A Cone Beam CT Study

Investigation of the Prevalence of Retromolar Canals: A Cone Beam CT Study

Radiological and Microsurgical Anatomy for Variation of the Mandible: Comparative Study of Human and Macaca fascicularis

Review of Risk Assessment of Major Anatomical Variations in Clinical Dentistry

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