Anthropometric Indicators of the Cardiometabolic Risk, Muscle Strength, and Functional Capacity of Schoolchildren with Intellectual Disabilities during Lockdown in Chile

Abstract

Lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the social, psychological, and physical well-being of the world population. In the case of people with intellectual disabilities, the impact of lockdown on their physical condition and functionality is not completely clear. This study aimed to determine the effects of COVID-19 lockdown on the anthropometric indicators of cardiometabolic risk, muscle strength, and functionality on schoolchildren with intellectual disabilities. The sample was composed of 132 students of both sexes (n = 74 pre-lockdown; n = 58 lockdown) belonging to two special education centers from the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile. Our results showed significant reductions (p ≤ 0.05) in absolute and relative handgrip strength, as well as in functionality, when comparing pre-lockdown and lockdown measurements, with a greater loss in girls than boys. The design and implementation of physical exercise programs centered on strength training are necessary for the physical and functional reconditioning of this population. These programs need to be implemented in special education centers considering the general well-being, quality of life and work needs of people with intellectual disabilities.

Reference Values of Absolute and Relative Handgrip Strength in Chilean Schoolchildren with Intellectual Disabilities

“…(a) The type of dynamometer. Studies in DI report the use of different dynamometers, among which the following stand out: hydraulic dynamometer (Jamar, Bolingbrook, IL, USA) [ 35 , 49 ]; (Takei, Tokyo, Japan) [ 48 , 50 , 51 ]; (MP 150, California, USA) [ 52 ]; (Baseline LiTE, New York, NY, USA) [ 14 ]. Other investigations do not declare the type of dynamometer used [ 53 , 54 , 55 ].…”

“…As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, schoolchildren with ID reduced absolute HGS by up to 40% in females and 30% in males, adding to the increase in body weight in both sexes compared to a pre-confinement situation [ 14 ]. Lower absolute and relative HGS levels are related to increased cardiometabolic risk factors [ 15 ], lower survival in cancer patients [ 16 ] and risk of mortality from any cause [ 17 ].…”

Analysis of Morphological Parameters and Body Composition in Adolescents with and without Intellectual Disability

“…Considering these recommendations, it cannot be said whether these methods accurately measure body composition or fat distribution in populations with ID. Often, such individuals have specific anthropometry compared to those without disabilities [ 7 ]. Understanding the causes and effects of high body mass index or obesity remains essential when assessing the health states of persons with ID.…”