Anthropology

Ozone inhibits guard cell K + channels implicated in stomatal opening

“…There is indirect evidence that O 3 affects the plant plasma membrane because altered membrane permeability and ion leakage are frequently detected in leaves and in the unicellular alga Chlorella sorokiniana after treatment with the gas (11). Little research has been performed on the underlying mechanisms, although two studies have demonstrated that membrane vesicles isolated from leaves of O 3 -treated pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var Pinto) plants display altered Ca 2ϩ transport (12) and a decrease in K ϩ -stimulated ATPase activity (13).…”

The etiology and diagnosis of alcohol dependence: Differences in the professional literature.

“…Finally, some consensus exists that social, environmental, and cultural influences play a role in etiology. Empirical research by Kandel et al (1976Kandel et al ( , 1986Kandel et al ( ) and lessor (1984Kandel et al ( , 1987, as well as recent reviews by Royce and Scratchley (1995), White (1993), andHeath (1993), have documented the effects of social, cultural, family, and peer influences in the development of alcohol problems. These reviews argue that social and cultural environments strongly influence the manifestation of alcohol problems.…”

“…Examples include attempts to identify an underlying "alcoholic personality" (Bates, 1993) or the mechanisms of how substance-using behaviors were learned (Donavan & Marlatt, 1993). More recent studies have increasingly focused on social and cultural factors, such as the effects of social norms, values, roles, and peer and family influences (Heath, 1993;White, 1993). Shaffer and Robbins (1995) have described some of the consequences of the differing concep-tualizations of substance-abuse problems.…”