Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms

Orr, James C.; Fabry, Victoria J.; Aumont, Olivier; Bopp, Laurent; Doney, Scott C.; Feely, Richard A.; Gnanadesikan, Anand; Gruber, Nicolas; Ishida, Akio; Joos, Fortunat; Key, Robert M.; Lindsay, Keith; Maier‐Reimer, Ernst; Matear, Richard J.; Monfray, Patrick; Mouchet, Anne; Najjar, Raymond G.; Plattner, Gian‐Kasper; Rodgers, Keith B.; Sabine, Christopher L.; Sarmiento, Jorge L.; Schlitzer, Reiner; Slater, Richard D.; Totterdell, I.; Weirig, Marie-France; Yamanaka, Yasuhiro; Yool, Andrew

doi:10.1038/nature04095

Cited by 3,899 publications

(3,211 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Many marine organisms are very sensitive to changes in ocean CO 2 chemistry -especially those biota that use carbonate ions dissolved in the sea water to form protective calcium carbonate shells or skeletal structures. Surface ocean pH has decreased by about 0.1 pH units (corresponding to a 30% increase in hydrogen ion concentration and a 16 % decline in carbonate concentrations) since pre-industrial times (Guinotte et al 2003;Feely et al, 2004;Orr et al, 2005;Guinotte & Fabry, 2008;Doney et al, 2009). This rate of acidification is at least 100 times faster than at any other time in the last 20 million years.…”

Section: Ocean Acidificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even though globally-averaged ! arag values in surface waters remain above unity for a doubling of atmospheric CO 2 , large parts of the Southern Ocean and the Arctic Ocean are projected to become undersaturated with respect to aragonite as early as 2030-2060 (Orr et al 2005;McNeil and Matear 2008;Steinacher et al, 2009). Aragonite undersaturation means that these waters will become corrosive to the aragonite and high-magnesium calcite shells secreted by a wide variety of marine organisms.…”

Section: Ocean Acidificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A safe operating space for humanity

Rockström

Steffen

Noone

et al. 2009

Nature

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The article presents a study that investigates on the importance of identifying and quantifying planetary boundaries to prevent human activities in affecting environmental condition. The author states the industrial revolution and advancement in human civilization has caused the unstability of the environmental state that is less conducive for humans to live and affect their health condition. The author notes that planetary boundaries served a control variables to secure the safety of its citizen as well as protect the environment from shifting to dangerous levels. It also cites the different planetary boundaries, along with its impact on climate change and Earth system degradation

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Section: Ocean Acidificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ocean Acidificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A safe operating space for humanity

Rockström

Steffen

Noone

et al. 2009

Nature

Self Cite

9,384

5,320

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“…Increased p CO 2 in surface waters alters the carbonate chemistry of sea water, ultimately increasing hydrogen ion (H + ), bicarbonate ion (HCO 3 − ), and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations and decreasing pH and carbonate ion (CO 3 2− ) concentrations. This process is termed ocean acidification (Caldeira & Wickett, 2003; Orr, Fabry, & Aumont, 2005). While occurring in all of the world's oceans, the largest changes in carbonate chemistry are expected to occur in the Arctic seas (Steinacher et al., 2009; Bellerby, Anderson, & Azetsu‐Scott, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of gene expression is associated with tolerance of the Arctic copepod Calanus glacialis to CO₂‐acidified sea water

Bailey

Wit

Thor

et al. 2017

Ecology and Evolution

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Ocean acidification is the increase in seawater pCO 2 due to the uptake of atmospheric anthropogenic CO 2, with the largest changes predicted to occur in the Arctic seas. For some marine organisms, this change in pCO 2, and associated decrease in pH, represents a climate change‐related stressor. In this study, we investigated the gene expression patterns of nauplii of the Arctic copepod Calanus glacialis cultured at low pH levels. We have previously shown that organismal‐level performance (development, growth, respiration) of C. glacialis nauplii is unaffected by low pH. Here, we investigated the molecular‐level response to lowered pH in order to elucidate the physiological processes involved in this tolerance. Nauplii from wild‐caught C. glacialis were cultured at four pH levels (8.05, 7.9, 7.7, 7.5). At stage N6, mRNA was extracted and sequenced using RNA‐seq. The physiological functionality of the proteins identified was categorized using Gene Ontology and KEGG pathways. We found that the expression of 151 contigs varied significantly with pH on a continuous scale (93% downregulated with decreasing pH). Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that, of the processes downregulated, many were components of the universal cellular stress response, including DNA repair, redox regulation, protein folding, and proteolysis. Sodium:proton antiporters were among the processes significantly upregulated, indicating that these ion pumps were involved in maintaining cellular pH homeostasis. C. glacialis significantly alters its gene expression at low pH, although they maintain normal larval development. Understanding what confers tolerance to some species will support our ability to predict the effects of future ocean acidification on marine organisms.

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“…uring the past two centuries, human activities exerted a growing influence over the global climate system, mostly through greenhouse gas emissions and chiefly CO 2 derived from burning fossil fuels 1,2 . This increasing global footprint of human activities on the biosphere has led some to use the term 'the Anthropocene' , to denote the present period of anthropogenically induced global environmental change 3 .…”

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Species-specific responses to ocean acidification should account for local adaptation and adaptive plasticity

et al. 2017

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Global stressors, such as ocean acidification, constitute a rapidly emerging and significant problem for marine organisms, ecosystem functioning and services. The coastal ecosystems of the Humboldt Current System (HCS) off Chile harbour a broad physical-chemical latitudinal and temporal gradient with considerable patchiness in local oceanographic conditions. This heterogeneity may, in turn, modulate the specific tolerances of organisms to climate stress in species with populations distributed along this environmental gradient. Negative response ratios are observed in species models (mussels, gastropods and planktonic copepods) exposed to changes in the partial pressure of CO 2 (p CO2 ) far from the average and extreme p CO2 levels experienced in their native habitats. This variability in response between populations reveals the potential role of local adaptation and/or adaptive phenotypic plasticity in increasing resilience of species to environmental change. The growing use of standard ocean acidification scenarios and treatment levels in experimental protocols brings with it a danger that inter-population differences are confounded by the varying environmental conditions naturally experienced by different populations. Here, we propose the use of a simple index taking into account the natural p CO2 variability, for a better interpretation of the potential consequences of ocean acidification on species inhabiting variable coastal ecosystems. Using scenarios that take into account the natural variability will allow understanding of the limits to plasticity across organismal traits, populations and species.

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Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms

Cited by 3,899 publications

References 49 publications

A safe operating space for humanity

A safe operating space for humanity

Regulation of gene expression is associated with tolerance of the Arctic copepod Calanus glacialis to CO₂‐acidified sea water

Species-specific responses to ocean acidification should account for local adaptation and adaptive plasticity

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Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms

Cited by 3,899 publications

References 49 publications

A safe operating space for humanity

A safe operating space for humanity

Regulation of gene expression is associated with tolerance of the Arctic copepod Calanus glacialis to CO2‐acidified sea water

Species-specific responses to ocean acidification should account for local adaptation and adaptive plasticity

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Regulation of gene expression is associated with tolerance of the Arctic copepod Calanus glacialis to CO₂‐acidified sea water