Anthropogenic food resources foster the coexistence of distinct life history strategies: year‐round sedentary and migratory brown bears

Cozzi, Gabriele; Chynoweth, Mark William; Kusak, Josip; Çoban, Emrah; Çoban, Ayşegül; Özgül, Arpat; Şekercioğlu, Çağan H.

doi:10.1111/jzo.12365

Cited by 74 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…We distinguished emigration and settlement based on visual investigation of the inflection points of the net squared displacement (NSD) plots (Cozzi et al. ). The NSD measures the square of the Euclidean distance from the place of eviction to any given GPS location along the dispersal path (Börger and Fryxell ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Density‐dependent dispersal strategies in a cooperative breeder

Maag

Cozzi

Clutton‐Brock

et al. 2018

Ecology

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Dispersal is a key ecological process that influences the dynamics of spatially and socially structured populations and consists of three stages-emigration, transience, and settlement-and each stage is influenced by different social, individual, and environmental factors. Despite our appreciation of the complexity of the process, we lack a firm empirical understanding of the mechanisms underlying the different stages. Here, using data from 65 GPS-collared dispersing female coalitions of the cooperatively breeding meerkat (Suricata suricatta), we present a comprehensive analysis of the effects of population density, mate availability, dispersing coalition size, and individual factors on each of the three stages of dispersal in a wild population. We expected a positive effect of density on dispersal due to increased kin competition at high densities. We further anticipated positive effects of mate availability, coalition size, and body condition on dispersal success. We observed increasing daily emigration and settlement probabilities at high population densities. In addition, we found that emigration and settlement probabilities also increased at low densities and were lowest at medium densities. Daily emigration and settlement probabilities increased with increasing female coalition size and in the presence of unrelated males. Furthermore, the time individuals spent in the transient stage increased with population density, whereas coalition size and presence of unrelated males decreased dispersal distance. The observed nonlinear relationship between dispersal and population density is likely due to limited benefits of cooperation at low population densities and increased kin competition at high densities. Our study provides empirical validation for the theoretical predictions that population density is an important factor driving the evolution of delayed dispersal and philopatry in cooperative breeders.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Density‐dependent dispersal strategies in a cooperative breeder

Maag

Cozzi

Clutton‐Brock

et al. 2018

Ecology

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“…However, carnivores can reside in human landscapes, be it at lower densities than in wildlife areas as a result of human‐wildlife conflict (Inskip & Zimmermann, 2009). In some cases carnivores might even be attracted to human landscapes because of the availability of domestic and wild prey (Khorozyan, Ghoddousi, Soofi, & Waltert, 2015; Linnell et al., 2005) and anthropogenic food sources (Cozzi et al., 2016), or because it acts as a refuge from competitors (van der Meer, Fritz, Blinston, & Rasmussen, 2014). As the global human population continues to increase, it is crucial to understand if, and how, carnivores and people can coexist (Carter & Linnell, 2016; Oriol‐Cotterill, Macdonald, Valeix, Ekwanga, & Frank, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Living on the edge: Multiscale habitat selection by cheetahs in a human‐wildlife landscape

Klaassen

Broekhuis

2018

Ecology and Evolution

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Animals select habitats that will ultimately optimize their fitness through access to favorable resources, such as food, mates, and breeding sites. However, access to these resources may be limited by bottom‐up effects, such as availability, and top‐down effects, such as risk avoidance and competition, including that with humans. Competition between wildlife and people over resources, specifically over space, has played a significant role in the worldwide decrease in large carnivores. The goal of this study was to determine the habitat selection of cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in a human‐wildlife landscape at multiple spatial scales. Cheetahs are a wide‐ranging, large carnivore, whose significant decline is largely attributed to habitat loss and fragmentation. It is believed that 77% of the global cheetah population ranges outside protected areas, yet little is known about cheetahs’ resource use in areas where they co‐occur with people. The selection, or avoidance, of three anthropogenic variables (human footprint density, distance to main roads and wildlife areas) and five environmental variables (open habitat, semiclosed habitat, edge density, patch density and slope), at multiple spatial scales, was determined by analyzing collar data from six cheetahs. Cheetahs selected variables at different scales; anthropogenic variables were selected at broader scales (720–1440 m) than environmental variables (90–180 m), suggesting that anthropogenic pressures affect habitat selection at a home‐range level, whilst environmental variables influence site‐level habitat selection. Cheetah presence was best explained by human presence, wildlife areas, semiclosed habitat, edge density and slope. Cheetahs showed avoidance for humans and steep slopes and selected for wildlife areas and areas with high proportions of semiclosed habitat and edge density. Understanding a species’ resource requirements, and how these might be affected by humans, is crucial for conservation. Using a multiscale approach, we provide new insights into the habitat selection of a large carnivore living in a human‐wildlife landscape.

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“…Recently, the availability of food at rubbish dumps has been shown to drive sedentary behavior in previously migratory European white stork Ciconia ciconia [38] and brown bear Ursus arctos in Turkey and Romania [39], contributing to increases in the abundance of the stork and fragmentation of bear populations. There is strong policy pressure for the closure or covering of open landfill sites in the European Union (under the Landfill Directive 1993/31/EC), Turkey, and other parts of the world.…”

Section: Effects Of Changing Waste Management On Animal Movements Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Changing Waste Management On Animal Movements Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, it is unclear whether scavenging European white storks would resume winter migrations to sub-Saharan Africa in response to closure of landfill sites. Such changes in the behavior and distribution of scavengers may have unpredictable short-and long-term effects on species, ecological processes, and the incidence of human-wildlife conflict [39].Increasing Wind Speeds at the Sea Surface Over the past two decades, there has been a slow but steady increase in the average air speed above the oceans and a corresponding increase in frequency of gales [40]. Average sea-surface wind speed increased considerably between 1988 and 2011, from 24.8 km h -1 to 27.4 km h [41].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A 2018 Horizon Scan of Emerging Issues for Global Conservation and Biological Diversity

Sutherland

Butchart

Connor

et al. 2018

Trends in Ecology & Evolution

127

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We present the results of our eighth annual horizon scan of emerging issues likely to affect global biological diversity, the environment, and conservation efforts in the future. The potential effects of these novel issues might not yet be fully recognized or understood by the global conservation community, and the issues can be regarded as both opportunities and risks. A diverse international team with collective expertise in horizon scanning, science communication, and conservation research, practice, and policy reviewed 100 potential issues and identified 15 that qualified as emerging, with potential substantial global effects. These issues include new developments in energy storage and fuel production, sand extraction, potential solutions to combat coral bleaching and invasive marine species, and blockchain technology. Aims of Horizon ScanningWe have conducted an annual horizon scan of global conservation issues since 2010 with the aim of highlighting, by consensus, emerging topics that are not yet widely known in the conservation community but could have substantial effects on biological diversity worldwide in the medium to long term. Our iterative, transferable process of horizon scanning, which is designed to be both transparent and democratic, is carried out by a team with a wide range of experiences and areas of expertise.Our aim has been to focus attention and stimulate debate about these subjects, potentially leading to new research foci, policy developments, or business innovations. These responses should help to facilitate better-informed forward-planning. It is difficult to gauge the direct effects of our horizon scans on the research, policy, or business communities, except through personal communication and hearsay. However, several topics recognized in our previous horizon scans Trends This is the eighth such annual horizon scan.An international team with expertise in horizon scanning, science communication, and conservation research, practice, and policy identified 15 issues, following widespread consultation and a Delphi-like scoring process to identify the most important.The issues were wide ranging, and include sand extraction, blockchain technology, use of robotics to combat invasive species, and new developments in energy storage and fuel production. There is now substantial action on this issue internationally, with several governments, including those of the USA and the UK, introducing legislative bans on microbeads in cosmetics and detergents, and many cosmetics companies voluntarily committing to halt their use of microplastics by 2020 [2,3]. New research on the effects of microbeads has revealed biological responses in both terrestrial and aquatic environments, with evidence demonstrating that microplastics reduce the survival and fitness of earthworms Lumbricus terrestris [4] and facilitate the accumulation of sorbed organic pollutants in fish [5]. Discussion of the use of gene editing to control invasive species or disease vectors, raised in our 2014 horizon scan [6], has increased...

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Anthropogenic food resources foster the coexistence of distinct life history strategies: year‐round sedentary and migratory brown bears

Cited by 74 publications

References 47 publications

Density‐dependent dispersal strategies in a cooperative breeder

Density‐dependent dispersal strategies in a cooperative breeder

Living on the edge: Multiscale habitat selection by cheetahs in a human‐wildlife landscape

A 2018 Horizon Scan of Emerging Issues for Global Conservation and Biological Diversity

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