Anthrax

Gold, Herman K.

doi:10.1001/archinte.1955.00250140109012

Cited by 67 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…We are reluctant to accept that children are less susceptible than elderly adults without additional data. Previous reports of cases associated with industrial sources or with materials contaminated by B. anthracis suggest that some susceptible persons, including children, were infected during relatively brief exposures ( 26 – 28 ). We speculate that the combination of thin body type, age, and female sex might be a risk factor for inhalation anthrax, as it is for pulmonary infections with environmental nontuberculous mycobacteria, e.g., with M. avium complex ( 29 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne Infection withBacillus anthracis—from Mills to Mail

Fennelly

Davidow

Miller

et al. 2004

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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The lack of identified exposures in 2 of the 11 cases of bioterrorism-related inhalation anthrax in 2001 raised uncertainty about the infectious dose and transmission of Bacillus anthracis. We used the Wells-Riley mathematical model of airborne infection to estimate 1) the exposure concentrations in postal facilities where cases of inhalation anthrax occurred and 2) the risk for infection in various hypothetical scenarios of exposure to B. anthracis aerosolized from contaminated mail in residential settings. These models suggest that a small number of cases of inhalation anthrax can be expected when large numbers of persons are exposed to low concentrations of B. anthracis. The risk for inhalation anthrax is determined not only by bacillary virulence factors but also by infectious aerosol production and removal rates and by host factors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne Infection withBacillus anthracis—from Mills to Mail

Fennelly

Davidow

Miller

et al. 2004

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…However, early treatment will limit the size of lesions. For this reason, early diagnosis of CA and early initiation of therapy are very important [8,10,11,12,16,35]. In this study, penicillin G was administered intravenously for severe CA whereas intramuscular procaine penicillin or oral treatment (amoxicillin, doxycycline or ciprofloxacin) was given for mild disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The duration of antibiotic therapy for CA is controversial. The pathogens are cleared rapidly from skin lesions following the initiation of antimicrobial therapy [9], generally within 24-48 h, but therapy does not prevent inflammatory reactions and does not change the evolution of cutaneous lesions [4,10,11,12]. For this reason, recent WHO guidelines suggest antibiotic therapy for 3-7 days in CA and 10-14 days in systemic anthrax [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Naturally Occurring Cutaneous Anthrax: Antibiotic Treatment and Outcome

et al. 2012

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Objectives: Cutaneous anthrax (CA) is the most common clinical presentation in human anthrax, but the duration of antibiotic therapy in naturally occurring CA is controversial. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of patients receiving antibiotic treatment for either 3-5 days (group 1) or 7-10 days (group 2) in uncomplicated CA. Methods: A total of 66 patients were enrolled; 29 (44%) in group 1 and 37 (56%) in group 2. Infections were classified as mild (n = 22, 33%) or severe (n = 44, 67%) CA. Results: There were no significant differences between the groups in symptom resolution time, fever clearance time, healing of lesions, development and healing of eschars, requirement for surgical intervention or the development of complications. Both edema resolution time and duration of hospital stay were longer in group 2. There were no therapeutic failures, relapses or deaths in either group. Steroid therapy was used in 32% of patients with severe CA, but a beneficial effect on resolution of edema was not demonstrated. Conclusions: These results suggest that short-course antibiotic therapy is as effective as standard-duration therapy in uncomplicated CA and that steroid therapy may not be effective.

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“…Cuts or abrasions increase susceptibility to infection 75 ; however, cutaneous anthrax in humans with no history or evidence of preexisting skin lesions has been reported. 76,77 In a laboratory study, 78 cutaneous anthrax was induced in mice via epicutaneous inoculation of spores onto unshaved, intact skin; infective foci were subsequently detected in hair follicles. In humans, the incubation period for cutaneous anthrax is approximately 5 to 7 days (range, 1 to 12 days).…”

Section: Anthrax In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%