Anthrax: A Systematic Review of Atypical Presentations

Holty, Jon-Erik C; Kim, Rebecca Y.; Bravata, Dena M

doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.11.035

Cited by 34 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…One possibility is that, being these polypeptides particularly expressed at and underneath the endothelium and in vascular smooth muscle, they could represent elective sites for B. anthracis tissue deposition. Direct vascular lesions are responsible for the prominent focal hemorrhages for human inhalational anthrax (Grinberg et al, 2001) and for the injuries of aorta in similarly affected patients (Holty et al, 2006;Mayer et al, 2001). The finding that EMILIN1 but also the other members of the family are particularly present in some vascular tissues suggests that they could function as potential "decoy receptor/binding proteins" hence reducing the number of bacteria able to bind to cell surfaces and intoxicate target cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

EMILINs interact with anthrax protective antigen and inhibit toxin action in vitro

Doliana

Veljković²,

Prljić³

et al. 2008

Matrix Biology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

EMILINs interact with anthrax protective antigen and inhibit toxin action in vitro

Doliana

Veljković²,

Prljić³

et al. 2008

Matrix Biology

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“…It was implied that this may be a contributory factor toward the cessation of pneumonic plague outbreaks because the URT form is less infectious and has reduced mortality rates 133 . It is noteworthy that for B. anthracis , 117 , 134 B. melitensis , 135 B. mallei , 136 , 137 and Coxiella burnetii 138 there are also bona fide cases of inhalational infections that lack LRT involvement and present with the aforementioned pathology indicative of primary infection via the URT. Furthermore, in humans, VEE, WEE, and EEE viruses can infect via the inhalational route and cause neurological sequelae similar to that observed in animal models 139 .…”

Section: Can Cdc Select Agents Cause Infection Of the Urt In Humans?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle size and pathogenicity in the respiratory tract

2013

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Particle size dictates where aerosolized pathogens deposit in the respiratory tract, thereafter the pathogens potential to cause disease is influenced by tissue tropism, clearance kinetics and the host immunological response. This interplay brings pathogens into contact with a range of tissues spanning the respiratory tract and associated anatomical structures. In animal models, differential deposition within the respiratory tract influences infection kinetics for numerous select agents. Greater numbers of pathogens are required to infect the upper (URT) compared with the lower respiratory tract (LRT), and in comparison the URT infections are protracted with reduced mortality. Pathogenesis in the URT is characterized by infection of the URT lymphoid tissues, cervical lymphadenopathy and septicemia, closely resembling reported human infections of the URT. The olfactory, gastrointestinal, and ophthalmic systems are also infected in a pathogen-dependent manner. The relevant literature is reviewed with respect to particle size and infection of the URT in animal models and humans.

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“…Prominent shortness of breath reflects thoracic lymphadenitis and mediastinitis rather than bronchopneumonia. However, inhalation anthrax can sometimes present without the usual symptoms of chest pain and shortness of breath [27].…”

Section: Anthrax (Category A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of Neuroterrorism

Busl

Bleck

2012

Neurotherapeutics

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Bioterrorism is defined as the intentional use of biological, chemical, nuclear, or radiological agents to cause disease, death, or environmental damage. Early recognition of a bioterrorist attack is of utmost importance to minimize casualties and initiate appropriate therapy. The range of agents that could potentially be used as weapons is wide, however, only a few of these agents have all the characteristics making them ideal for that purpose. Many of the chemical and biological weapons can cause neurological symptoms and damage the nervous system in varying degrees. Therefore, preparedness among neurologists is important. The main challenge is to be cognizant of the clinical syndromes and to be able to differentiate diseases caused by bioterrorism from naturally occurring disorders. This review provides an overview of the biological and chemical warfare agents, with a focus on neurological manifestation and an approach to treatment from a perspective of neurological critical care.

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Anthrax: A Systematic Review of Atypical Presentations

Cited by 34 publications

References 28 publications

EMILINs interact with anthrax protective antigen and inhibit toxin action in vitro

EMILINs interact with anthrax protective antigen and inhibit toxin action in vitro

Particle size and pathogenicity in the respiratory tract

Treatment of Neuroterrorism

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