Anthraquinones

Thomson, R. H.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-689650-3.50009-8

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 393 publications

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“…The presence of substituents in position 1 and 4 induces a significant bathochromic shift, intensifying the color more significantly than the substituents in the 1,5 and 1,8 positions. Thus, with an alcoholic solution of magnesium acetate, 1,2-dioxyderivative is colored in violet; 1,4-dioxyderivative in purple; and 1,8-dioxyderivative in red-orange [ 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Therefore, fungal anthraquinones range from pale yellow to dark red or brown colors, through to violet.…”

Section: Anthraquinones From Marine-derived Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthraquinones and Derivatives from Marine-Derived Fungi: Structural Diversity and Selected Biological Activities

et al. 2016

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Anthraquinones and their derivatives constitute a large group of quinoid compounds with about 700 molecules described. They are widespread in fungi and their chemical diversity and biological activities recently attracted attention of industries in such fields as pharmaceuticals, clothes dyeing, and food colorants. Their positive and/or negative effect(s) due to the 9,10-anthracenedione structure and its substituents are still not clearly understood and their potential roles or effects on human health are today strongly discussed among scientists. As marine microorganisms recently appeared as producers of an astonishing variety of structurally unique secondary metabolites, they may represent a promising resource for identifying new candidates for therapeutic drugs or daily additives. Within this review, we investigate the present knowledge about the anthraquinones and derivatives listed to date from marine-derived filamentous fungi′s productions. This overview highlights the molecules which have been identified in microorganisms for the first time. The structures and colors of the anthraquinoid compounds come along with the known roles of some molecules in the life of the organisms. Some specific biological activities are also described. This may help to open doors towards innovative natural substances.

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Section: Anthraquinones From Marine-derived Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthraquinones and Derivatives from Marine-Derived Fungi: Structural Diversity and Selected Biological Activities

et al. 2016

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“…Anthraquinones occur in plants of the Rubiaceae family, such as M. citrifolia . However, these occur nearly exclusively in the roots (Thompson 1987). Additional analysis for the presence of anthraquinones in noni fruit was performed with particular attention given to the possible occurrence of lucidin and rubiadin, because of the noted genotoxicity of these 2 anthraquinones.…”

Section: Safety Evaluationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Safety Review of Noni Fruit Juice

West¹,

Jensen²,

Westendorf³

et al. 2006

Journal of Food Science

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“…The extracts contained an abundance of GC signals, most of which we did not attempt to identify; some of these may have been other AQs. It should be pointed out that the presence of polyhydroxylated AQs, of which there may have been many (15), were of little interest to us since such compounds are relatively poor pulping catalysts (5). Our focus was primarily on those structures listed in Table 1 that we knew would be good pulping catalysts (5).…”

Section: Experimental Approach and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trees Containing Built-In Pulping Catalysts - Final Report - 08/18/1997 - 08/18/2000

Pullman¹,

Dimmel²,

Peter³

2000

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Several hardwood and softwood trees were analyzed for the presence of anthraquinonetype molecules. Low levels of anthraquinone (AQ) and anthrone components were detected using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and sensitive selected-ion monitoring techniques. Ten out of seventeen hardwood samples examined contained AQ-type components; however, the levels were typically below ~6 ppm. No AQs were observed in the few softwood samples that were examined. The AQs were more concentrated in the heartwood of teak than in the sapwood.The delignification of pine was enhanced by the addition of teak chips (~0.7% AQ-equivalence content) to the cook, suggesting that endogenous AQs can be released from wood during pulping and can catalyze delignification reactions.Eastern cottonwood contained AQ, methyl AQ, and dimethyl AQ, all useful for wood pulping. This is the first time unsubstituted AQ has been observed in wood extracts. Due to the presence of these pulping catalysts, rapid growth rates in plantation settings, and the ease of genetic transformation, eastern cottonwood is a suitable candidate for genetic engineering studies to enhance AQ content. To achieve effective catalytic pulping activity, poplar and cottonwood, respectively, require ~100 and 1000 times more for pulping catalysts.A strategy to increase AQ concentration in natural wood was developed and is currently being tested. This strategy involves "turning up" isochorismate synthase (ICS) through genetic engineering. Isochorismate synthase is the first enzyme in the AQ pathway branching from the shikimic acid pathway. In general, the level of enzyme activity at the first branch point or committed step controls the flux through a biosynthetic pathway. To test if the level of ICS regulates AQ biosynthesis in plant tissues, we proposed to over-express this synthase in plant cells.A partial cDNA encoding a putative ICS was available from the random cDNA sequencing project carried out with Arabidopsis thaliana. We used this putative plant ICS gene fragment to isolate and sequence a full-length ICS cDNA from Arabidopsis thaliana. The putative full-length cDNA encodes for a 569 amino acid protein of ~62kDa. This sequence represents the first full-length ICS cDNA isolated from a plant. When inserted into E. coli, our isolated cDNA over-expressed ICS protein in the insoluble inclusion bodies.A plant expression vector containing the ICS cDNA, NP II for selection on the antibiotic kanamycin, and duplicated 35S-cauliflower mosaic virus promoter were inserted into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101. Transformation experiments for insertion of these foreign genes into Populus deltoides 'C175' resulted in eight lines able to regenerate shoots and grow roots in the presence of kanamycin. Plants from these eight lines have acclimated to growth in sterile soil and will be moved to a greenhouse environment in spring 2001. Non rooted shoots from each line are currently being multiplied by shoot culture. When enough shoot tissue and/or greenhouse plant ste...

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Anthraquinones

Cited by 18 publications

References 393 publications

Anthraquinones and Derivatives from Marine-Derived Fungi: Structural Diversity and Selected Biological Activities

Anthraquinones and Derivatives from Marine-Derived Fungi: Structural Diversity and Selected Biological Activities

A Safety Review of Noni Fruit Juice

Trees Containing Built-In Pulping Catalysts - Final Report - 08/18/1997 - 08/18/2000

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