Anthraquinone

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Properties 3. Production 3.1. Oxidation of Anthracene with Chromic Acid 3.2. Vapor‐Phase Oxidation of Anthracene with Air 3.3. Naphthalene Process 3.4. Synthesis from Phthalic Anhydride and Benzene 3.5. Styrene Process 3.6. Environmental Considerations 4. Purification, Quality Requirements, and Analysis 5. Uses 6. Economic Aspects 7. Toxicology

Effect of Ring-Configuration on Pyrolysis and V2O5Catalyzed Oxidation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

“…Industrially, anthraquinone production is based on the vapor-phase oxidation of anthracene with air. The process is performed over supported iron vanadate-potassium catalysts at 320–390 °C with 99% yield to anthraquinone . The process is represented by the direct conversion of anthracene to anthraquinone, and although the minor production of some other oxidation or combustion products is reported, no additional pathways are discussed in the catalytic oxidation literature.…”

Effect of Ring-Configuration on Pyrolysis and V2O5Catalyzed Oxidation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

“…Industrially, anthraquinone production is based on the vapor-phase oxidation of anthracene with air. The process is performed over supported iron vanadate-potassium catalysts at 320–390 °C with 99% yield to anthraquinone . The process is represented by the direct conversion of anthracene to anthraquinone, and although the minor production of some other oxidation or combustion products is reported, no additional pathways are discussed in the catalytic oxidation literature.…”

Probing the Impact of an Energy and Transportation Paradigm Shift on the Petrochemicals Industry

“…Thus, without the refinery processes that were removed, there is no route to anthraquinone, and so an alternative route, not based on refinery derivatives, is needed. Such routes are available; e.g., one route is based on a styrene feedstock. However, to remedy this situation in the model used, the demand for anthraquinone was simply set to zero, as the volume of its demand is several orders of magnitude lower than most other demand levels in the model.…”

Sustainability in Heritage Wood Conservation: Challenges and Directions for Future Research

“…The ethylbenzene is then dehydrogenated using superheated steam (>600 • C) over an iron catalyst to give styrene. This then undergoes acid catalysed dimerization to 1-methyl-3-phenylindane, which is oxidized to anthraquinone [135], Scheme 10. Thus, once again a large amount of resource and energy-intensive processes are used to produce sustainable alternatives to common consolidants.…”

Effect of Ring-Configuration on Pyrolysis and V2O5Catalyzed Oxidation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

“…Industrially, anthraquinone production is based on the vapor-phase oxidation of anthracene with air. The process is performed over supported iron vanadate-potassium catalysts at 320–390 °C with 99% yield to anthraquinone . The process is represented by the direct conversion of anthracene to anthraquinone, and although the minor production of some other oxidation or combustion products is reported, no additional pathways are discussed in the catalytic oxidation literature.…”

Probing the Impact of an Energy and Transportation Paradigm Shift on the Petrochemicals Industry

“…Thus, without the refinery processes that were removed, there is no route to anthraquinone, and so an alternative route, not based on refinery derivatives, is needed. Such routes are available; e.g., one route is based on a styrene feedstock. However, to remedy this situation in the model used, the demand for anthraquinone was simply set to zero, as the volume of its demand is several orders of magnitude lower than most other demand levels in the model.…”

Sustainability in Heritage Wood Conservation: Challenges and Directions for Future Research

“…The ethylbenzene is then dehydrogenated using superheated steam (>600 • C) over an iron catalyst to give styrene. This then undergoes acid catalysed dimerization to 1-methyl-3-phenylindane, which is oxidized to anthraquinone [135], Scheme 10. Thus, once again a large amount of resource and energy-intensive processes are used to produce sustainable alternatives to common consolidants.…”

Effect of Ring-Configuration on Pyrolysis and V2O5Catalyzed Oxidation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

“…Industrially, anthraquinone production is based on the vapor-phase oxidation of anthracene with air. The process is performed over supported iron vanadate-potassium catalysts at 320–390 °C with 99% yield to anthraquinone . The process is represented by the direct conversion of anthracene to anthraquinone, and although the minor production of some other oxidation or combustion products is reported, no additional pathways are discussed in the catalytic oxidation literature.…”

Probing the Impact of an Energy and Transportation Paradigm Shift on the Petrochemicals Industry

“…Thus, without the refinery processes that were removed, there is no route to anthraquinone, and so an alternative route, not based on refinery derivatives, is needed. Such routes are available; e.g., one route is based on a styrene feedstock. However, to remedy this situation in the model used, the demand for anthraquinone was simply set to zero, as the volume of its demand is several orders of magnitude lower than most other demand levels in the model.…”

Sustainability in Heritage Wood Conservation: Challenges and Directions for Future Research

“…The ethylbenzene is then dehydrogenated using superheated steam (>600 • C) over an iron catalyst to give styrene. This then undergoes acid catalysed dimerization to 1-methyl-3-phenylindane, which is oxidized to anthraquinone [135], Scheme 10. Thus, once again a large amount of resource and energy-intensive processes are used to produce sustainable alternatives to common consolidants.…”