Anthocyanins in different Citrus species: an <scp>UHPLC‐PDA‐ESI</scp>/MSn‐assisted qualitative and quantitative investigation

Fabroni, Simona; Ballistreri, Gabriele; Amenta, Margherita; Rapisarda, Paolo

doi:10.1002/jsfa.7916

Cited by 50 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…Under bag removal treatment, the fruit peel recovered the accumulation of anthocyanins and became red under light exposure after 10 days for purple pummelo and 20 days for blood orange (Figure b). In both purple pummelo and blood orange, cyanidin 3‐glucoside and cyanidin 3‐(6″‐malonyl) glucoside were predominant components of anthocyanins (Fabroni, Ballistreri, Amenta, & Rapisarda, ; Huang et al, ). Anthocyanin profiling was performed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–PDA–MS) to determine the differences in the composition of anthocyanins in the peel of fruits under natural light and bagging conditions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Different Anthocyanin Accumulations Under Light Exposure Amentioning

confidence: 99%

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Retrotransposon promoter of Ruby1 controls both light‐ and cold‐induced accumulation of anthocyanins in blood orange

Ding

Yuan

Tang

et al. 2019

Plant Cell & Environment

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Blood orange is generally recognized to accumulate anthocyanins in its fruit pulp in a cold‐inducible manner. We observed that the fruit peel of blood orange can also accumulate anthocyanins under ample light conditions. Interestingly, purple pummelo can accumulate anthocyanins only in its fruit peel but not in its pulp. The mechanism underlying the tissue specificity of anthocyanin accumulation in citrus is unknown. Here, we show that the active promoter of Ruby1, a key activator of anthocyanin biosynthesis, is also light inducible in addition to its already known cold inducibility in blood orange. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and transient expression assays showed that HY5 positively regulated the transcription of Ruby1 by binding to the G‐box motif (CACGTC). The tissue specificity of anthocyanin accumulation in the peel of purple pummelo may be due to the lack of a low temperature responsive element and a MYC binding site, which were shown to be involved in cold inducibility of CsRuby1 in blood orange by insertion of a long terminal repeat type retrotransposon in the promoter. These results bring new insights into the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in response to environmental stimuli and provide cis‐elements for genetic improvement of anthocyanin‐stable fruits rich in antioxidant metabolites.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Different Anthocyanin Accumulations Under Light Exposure Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrotransposon promoter of Ruby1 controls both light‐ and cold‐induced accumulation of anthocyanins in blood orange

Ding

Yuan

Tang

et al. 2019

Plant Cell & Environment

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“…Most varieties are able to accumulate anthocyanins in young leaves and flowers (Fig. 1A), where cyanidin 3-glucoside and peonidin 3-(699-malonyl)-glucoside accounted for approximately 80% of the total anthocyanin content (Fabroni et al, 2016).…”

Section: Ruby In Citronmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…anthocyanins identified in fruit of blood varieties of sweet orange and in new growth of many types of Citrus cultivars, including lemon (Hillebrand et al, 2004;Fabroni et al, 2016). No anthocyanins could be detected in the white mutant.…”

Section: Ruby In Citrus Hybridsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Anthocyanin Production during Domestication of Citrus

et al. 2017

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Mandarin (Citrus reticulata), citron (Citrus medica), and pummelo (Citrus maxima) are important species of the genus Citrus and parents of the interspecific hybrids that constitute the most familiar commercial varieties of Citrus: sweet orange, sour orange, clementine, lemon, lime, and grapefruit. Citron produces anthocyanins in its young leaves and flowers, as do species in genera closely related to Citrus, but mandarins do not, and pummelo varieties that produce anthocyanins have not been reported. We investigated the activity of the Ruby gene, which encodes a MYB transcription factor controlling anthocyanin biosynthesis, in different accessions of a range of Citrus species and in domesticated cultivars. A white mutant of lemon lacks functional alleles of Ruby, demonstrating that Ruby plays an essential role in anthocyanin production in Citrus. Almost all the natural variation in pigmentation by anthocyanins in Citrus species can be explained by differences in activity of the Ruby gene, caused by point mutations and deletions and insertions of transposable elements. Comparison of the allelic constitution of Ruby in different species and cultivars also helps to clarify many of the taxonomic relationships in different species of Citrus, confirms the derivation of commercial varieties during domestication, elucidates the relationships within the subgenus Papeda, and allows a new genetic classification of mandarins.

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“…The sanguine orange of the Moro variety (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) is renowned because of the high concentrations of anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, and hydroxycinnamic acids present in its composition, and these compounds, when in synergism, can act in the control of various diseases and in body mass management. 4 It is possible to extract the essential oil from the skins and leaves of these plants. Citrus essential oils have become the focus of several studies because they have broad biological activities that result from their chemical compositions.…”

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confidence: 99%

Biological activities of the essential oil from the Moro orange peel (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck)

Magalhães

Ionta

Ferreira

et al. 2019

Flavour & Fragrance J

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Citrus essential oils have become the focus of several researches, because they have broad biological activity, due to their chemical composition. However, there are few studies covering Moro orange essential oil. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fresh Moro orange peel essential oil on antifungal, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and genotoxic activities in normal and tumor cells. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and characterized by GC/MS and GC/FID. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTS assay in normal cells (CCD‐1059Sk) and tumor cells (CCD‐1059Sk), and the genotoxicity was determined in normal cells by the comet assay. Antifungal activity was evaluated by the disk diffusion test against Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus flavus filamentous fungi. The antioxidant activity was determined in DPPH, ABTS, and β‐carotene assay. The essential oil was mainly composed of monoterpenes such as limonene (95.12%), α‐pinene (0.35%), sabinene (0.54%), and myrcene (1.07%). The essential oil did not cause cell death after 48 hours of treatment in normal cells, but the cell viability of tumor cells decreased by 50% in the presence of the essential oil at a concentration of 272.6 μg/mL. Although no antioxidant effect was observed, the growth of all evaluated fungi was inhibited with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 125 μL/mL. The essential oil from the Moro orange is promising for cancer treatment, and it can be used as a natural preservative in food systems.

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Anthocyanins in different Citrus species: an UHPLC‐PDA‐ESI/MSⁿ‐assisted qualitative and quantitative investigation

Cited by 50 publications

References 31 publications

Retrotransposon promoter of Ruby1 controls both light‐ and cold‐induced accumulation of anthocyanins in blood orange

Retrotransposon promoter of Ruby1 controls both light‐ and cold‐induced accumulation of anthocyanins in blood orange

Changes in Anthocyanin Production during Domestication of Citrus

Biological activities of the essential oil from the Moro orange peel (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck)

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Anthocyanins in different Citrus species: an UHPLC‐PDA‐ESI/MSn‐assisted qualitative and quantitative investigation

Cited by 50 publications

References 31 publications

Retrotransposon promoter of Ruby1 controls both light‐ and cold‐induced accumulation of anthocyanins in blood orange

Retrotransposon promoter of Ruby1 controls both light‐ and cold‐induced accumulation of anthocyanins in blood orange

Changes in Anthocyanin Production during Domestication of Citrus

Biological activities of the essential oil from the Moro orange peel (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck)

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Anthocyanins in different Citrus species: an UHPLC‐PDA‐ESI/MSⁿ‐assisted qualitative and quantitative investigation