Anthocyanins and Other Polyphenols in Citrus Genus: Biosynthesis, Chemical Profile, and Biological Activity

Ballistreri, Gabriele; Fabroni, Simona; Romeo, Flora V.; Timpanaro, Nicolina; Amenta, Margherita; Rapisarda, Paolo

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813768-0.00014-1

Cited by 37 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…(grapefruit) is probably a natural hybrid between C. maxima × C. sinensis that was discovered in the Caribbean and afterwards brought to Europe. C. paradisi fruits can be divided into two groups, depending on the presence (“Rose Pink” and “Ruby Red”) or absence (“White Marsh”) of lycopene in the fruit flesh [ 94 ]. Grapefruit juice is acknowledged for its noteworthy pharmacokinetic interactions [ 95 ], as well as for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties [ 96 ].…”

Section: Citrus Paradisi Macfadmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Second Life of Citrus Fruit Waste: A Valuable Source of Bioactive Compounds

et al. 2021

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Citrus fruits (CF) are among the most widely cultivated fruit crops throughout the world and their production is constantly increasing along with consumers’ demand. Therefore, huge amounts of waste are annually generated through CF processing, causing high costs for their disposal, as well as environmental and human health damage, if inappropriately performed. According to the most recent indications of an economic, environmental and pharmaceutical nature, CF processing residues must be transformed from a waste to be disposed to a valuable resource to be reused. Based on a circular economy model, CF residues (i.e., seeds, exhausted peel, pressed pulp, secondary juice and leaves) have increasingly been re-evaluated to also obtain, but not limited to, valuable compounds to be employed in the food, packaging, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. However, the use of CF by-products is still limited because of their underestimated nutritional and economic value, hence more awareness and knowledge are needed to overcome traditional approaches for their disposal. This review summarizes recent evidence on the pharmacological potential of CF waste to support the switch towards a more environmentally sustainable society.

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Section: Citrus Paradisi Macfadmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Second Life of Citrus Fruit Waste: A Valuable Source of Bioactive Compounds

et al. 2021

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“…2). As reported in most blood oranges, Cy-3-glu and Cy-3,6"mal-glu were identified as the major anthocyanins in the juice of both cultivars (Dugo, Mondello, Morabito & Dugo, 2003;Ballistreri, Fabroni, Romeo, Timpanaro, Amenta & Rapisarda, 2019;Cebadera-Miranda et al, 2019).…”

Section: Anthocyanin Content In Juicesupporting

confidence: 71%

Effect of Rootstock on the Fruit Quality of Mandarins "Clemenules" and "Tango", and Blood Oranges "Tarocco Rosso" and "Moro"

Morales¹

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This Thesis also includes a study about this variety's postharvest behavior as no data are available for our crop conditions. The 'Tango' mandarin presented outer chilling injury symptoms after being stored for 20 days at 1°C and 5°C. A microstructural study was done to characterize the alteration caused by low temperatures. The Forner-Alcaide 5 rootstock fruit showed a lower chilling injury incidence. Storage at 9°C did not compromise this variety's external or internal quality. Among oranges, demand for blood oranges to be eaten fresh has grown in recent years, basically due to their high content in anthocyanins and their positive effect for human health. To assess the effect that rootstock had on blood oranges, two reference varieties were taken, 'Moro' and 'Tarocco Rosso', grafted onto eight rootstocks. Internal quality was strongly influenced by harvest time, which was more evident for 'Moro'. In both varieties, rootstock affected changes in the quality parameter studied during maturity. In 'Moro', juice color faded as anthocyanins degraded, and rootstocks C-35 Citrange, Macrophylla and Volkameriana showed the most marked reduction. Such anthocyanin degradation was related to the change in temperature that took place during the harvest period. In 'Tarocco Rosso', anthocyanins did not undergo degradation, which suggests that this variety is less sensitive to changes in ambient temperature. In this variety, rootstocks Forner-Alcaide 5 and Forner-Alcaide 13 gave fruit with a higher content of anthocyanins and sugars.This Thesis also includes a study of the suitability of refrigerated conservation of two blood orange varieties: 'Tarocco Rosso' and 'Sanguinelli'. Although storage at any tested temperature (1°C, 5°C and 9°C) did not affect internal quality for 45 days, fruit displayed chilling injury symptoms at 1°C, with a higher incidence for 'Sanguinelli' than for 'Tarocco Rosso'. Both varieties can be stored between 5°C and 9°C for 30 days for 'Sanguinelli' and for up to 45 days with 'Tarocco Rosso'. ABREVIATIONSRootstocks FA13 Forner-Alcaide 13 [Citrus reshni x Poncirus trifoliate (L.) Raf no 13] FA5 Forner-Alcaide 5 [Citrus reshni x Poncirus trifoliate (L.) Raf no 5] CC Citrange Carrizo [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.×Poncirus trifoliate (L.) Raf.] C35 Citrange C-35 [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.xPoncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] CL Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. Ex Tan) M Macrophylla [Citrus macrophylla Wester] CT 'Swingle' Citrumelo [Citrus paradisi (L.) × Poncirus trifoliate (L.) Raf.] VK Volkameriana (Citrus volkameriana Ten. and Pasq.) V17 Forner-Alcaide V17 [Citrus volkameriana Ten & Pasq. x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. no V17] FA 2324 Forner-Alcaide 2324 (Hybrid of 'Troyer' citrange and Cleopatra mandarin FA 418 Forner-Alcaide 418 [Troyer citrange × common mandarin (C. deliciosa Ten.] TC 'Troyer' citrange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.×Poncirus trifoliate (L.) Raf.] SO Sour Orange (Citrus aurantium L.) General IVIA Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias CTV Citrus Tristeza Virus TSS Total Soluble ...

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“…Phenolic acids such as 3′,4′-dihydroxycinnamic acid (caffeic acid), 4-hydroxy-3methoxybenzoic acid (vanillic acid), 4′-hydroxycinnamic acid (p-coumaric acid), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (protocatechuic acid), 4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxycinnamic acid (ferulic acid), 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-cinnamic acid (sinapic acid), and p-hydroxybenzoic acids were also detected in seven citrus varieties (Sun et al 2019). The presence of chlorogenic and gallic (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic) acids have also been reported (Kelebek et al 2009;Sdiri et al 2012), but anthocyanins are rare and limited to some specific pigmented varieties of sweet and blood oranges and lemons (Ballistreri et al 2019;Fallico et al 2017).…”

Section: Citrus (Poly)phenolsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Citrus fruits are rich in flavonoids, especially which constitute 90% of the (poly)phenols in citrus fruits, mostly as glycosides of hesperetin 8 and naringenin 9 (De Ancos et al 2017;Ballistreri et al 2019;Khan, Zill-E-Huma, and Dangles 2014).…”

Section: Citrus (Poly)phenolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Citrus polyphenols and risk of type 2 diabetes: Evidence from mechanistic studies

Visvanathan

Williamson

2021

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

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Citrus fruits are a rich source of (poly)phenols, a group of dietary bioactive compounds that protect against developing type 2 diabetes. Our review critically evaluates how experimental in vitro and animal models have elucidated some of the underlying mechanisms on how citrus (poly)phenols affect the markers of type 2 diabetes. According to animal studies, the beneficial effects derived from consuming citrus compounds appear to be related to long-term effects, rather than acute. There are some notable effects from citrus (poly)phenol metabolites on post-absorptive processes, such as modulation of hepatic glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in target tissues, but with a more modest effect on digestion and sugar absorption within the gut. experimental studies on cells and other systems in vitro have indicated some of the possible mechanisms involved, but ∼70% of the studies utilized unrealistically high concentrations and forms of the compounds, compromising physiological relevance. Future studies should discuss the relevance of concentration used in in vitro experiments, relative to the proposed site of action, and also examine the role of catabolites produced by the gut microbiota. Finally, it is important to examine the relationship between the gut microbiota and bioavailability on the action of citrus (poly)phenols.

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Anthocyanins and Other Polyphenols in Citrus Genus: Biosynthesis, Chemical Profile, and Biological Activity

Cited by 37 publications

References 86 publications

The Second Life of Citrus Fruit Waste: A Valuable Source of Bioactive Compounds

The Second Life of Citrus Fruit Waste: A Valuable Source of Bioactive Compounds

Effect of Rootstock on the Fruit Quality of Mandarins "Clemenules" and "Tango", and Blood Oranges "Tarocco Rosso" and "Moro"

Citrus polyphenols and risk of type 2 diabetes: Evidence from mechanistic studies

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